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北京十三陵導(dǎo)游詞

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2024-11-22

北京十三陵導(dǎo)游詞(精選9篇)

北京十三陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇1

  明十三陵位于北京市昌平區(qū)的天壽山腳下,這里埋葬著明朝13個(gè)皇帝,所以叫明十三陵。自永樂七年(1409)開始修建長陵,到清朝順治初年建思陵,營建時(shí)間前后長達(dá)200年之久。明十三陵體系完成、規(guī)模宏大,是世界上保存最完成、埋葬皇帝較多帝王陵墓群。年明十三陵被教科文組織列入《世紀(jì)遺產(chǎn)名錄》,成為中外游客到北京的必游之地。

  明朝有十六帝,這里為什么只有十三陵呢?那是因?yàn)槊鞒腥齻(gè)皇帝沒有埋在這里,一個(gè)是開國皇帝朱元璋;一個(gè)是明朝第二皇帝朱允炆;還有一個(gè)是明朝景泰皇帝朱祁鈺。明朝第一個(gè)在北京修建陵寢的是明朝第三個(gè)皇帝,明成祖朱棣。

  明朝永樂五年(1407)七月,明成祖朱棣的皇后徐氏去世,朱棣命禮部尚書趙羾和江西術(shù)士廖鈞卿在北京一帶選址建陵。最后選中今天昌平區(qū)康家莊樓子營一帶,作為陵址上報(bào)給皇上。朱棣親自現(xiàn)場考察后,非常滿意,封這里的山叫“天壽山”,選擇“黃道吉日”開始動(dòng)工修建陵寢。

  從永樂七年到宣德二年(1409-1427),歷時(shí)18年之久,陵寢才大功告成。徐皇后先入葬,然后是明成祖朱棣本人。朱棣生前把自己的陵墓命名為“長陵”,這就是十三陵的“首陵”。

  長陵的后續(xù)裝修工程并沒有結(jié)束。明朝嘉靖年間,朱厚熜下旨修建了長陵的神道。大石牌樓,神道上的碑樓陸續(xù)建成。如此算來長陵最后建成歷時(shí)130余年。這條長陵的神道,也隨著明朝后續(xù)幾位皇帝的陵寢依次完工,成為了明十三陵的主神道。

北京十三陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇2

  各位游客:

  大家早上好!

  今天上午我們游覽位于北京昌平區(qū)的十三陵景區(qū),大約需要50分鐘的車程,利用這段時(shí)間給大家講一講十三陵的歷史背景以及一些簡要情況。

  明永樂五年(1407年),皇后徐氏去世,朱棣派禮部尚書、風(fēng)水術(shù)士到北京選擇“吉壤”準(zhǔn)備修建陵寢。直到明永樂七年(1409年)他們來到昌(chang)平才驚喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)這塊雄渾的“龍脈”從太行山-燕山山脈而來,這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置,北方處于四象玄武方位的是高大的天壽山(鎮(zhèn)山),東為一條形如奔越騰挪的龍山稱蟒山,西為狀似一只伏地警覺的猛虎稱虎峪。在三山圍成的小平原內(nèi)還有“金水河”溫榆河經(jīng)過這里,真可以說是風(fēng)水寶地,從此拉開了在天壽山腳下修建明皇陵寢的工程。現(xiàn)在這里已被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入《世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄》的全國重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū),今天我們參觀長陵和已被發(fā)掘定陵的地宮。

  請司機(jī)把車開慢點(diǎn),大家透過車窗往外看到一個(gè)石牌坊,這是陵區(qū)的標(biāo)志。這個(gè)牌坊5間6柱11樓,全部用漢白玉雕砌,是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)保存下來最大、最精美的石牌坊。

  好!目的地到了,請大家?guī)Ш米约旱碾S身物品,下車集合。

  這座門叫大紅門是陵墓區(qū)的正門,穿過正門我們腳下的這條道路就是十三陵的神道,這條神道隨地形回轉(zhuǎn)起伏,這是依據(jù)“風(fēng)水”理論中有“生旺而彎環(huán)則吉,衰死硬直則兇”的說法,它是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中最長的神道,全長有7.3千米。

  往前看有一個(gè)碑亭,這就是長陵的神功頌德碑,圣德碑上為盤龍碑首,下為龜趺馱碑,通高7.91米,刻有“大明長陵神功圣德碑”,正面是長子朱高熾(chi)為其父撰寫的4000多字頌德碑文,背面是在乾隆撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》,后又在碑之左側(cè)刻御制詩一首,右側(cè)刻清嘉慶御制文一篇,論述明王朝滅亡的原因。

  過了碑亭,在800米的神道上排列著石獸12對、石人6對,叫做石像生。樹立這些是為了體現(xiàn)帝王生前的儀仗和死后的尊嚴(yán)。

  這是一座欞星門,也叫龍鳳門,取天門之意。在這個(gè)三門六柱的門中央位置上,有三個(gè)火焰寶珠,所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊。

  呈現(xiàn)在我們眼前的這座宏偉建筑就是——長陵,它是明十三陵中規(guī)模最大、營建時(shí)間最長、保存最完好的一座陵墓。朱棣發(fā)動(dòng)“靖難之役”奪得了皇位,改年號為永樂。在執(zhí)政的22年中,勤于政務(wù)、不喜奢華,作了許多益事,主持編纂《永樂大典》,派鄭和六下西洋,中國被收入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》的文化古跡中有四處是朱棣開創(chuàng)基業(yè)的。長陵共占地10公頃,中軸線建筑有陵恩門,陵恩殿,明樓,寶城和寶頂。陵墓共有三進(jìn)院,最具欣賞價(jià)值和文物價(jià)值的是位于二進(jìn)院落中的陵恩殿,是十三陵中唯一保存完好的祾恩殿,祾恩的意思,是仿照紫禁城的太和殿的規(guī)制建成的,它面闊九間,進(jìn)深五間,重檐廡殿頂,殿內(nèi)有60根巨大楠木柱,中間的四根直徑都達(dá)到了一米以上,是國內(nèi)最好的楠木殿,用途是供奉帝后神位和舉行謁(ye)陵祭祀活動(dòng)的場所。

  從殿后門出來就到達(dá)了第三進(jìn)院落,長陵標(biāo)志性的建筑——明樓,明樓內(nèi)豎有石碑一塊,上書:大明成祖文皇帝之陵,因?yàn)榛实坌罩,所以碑身也都是用的朱砂紅色。

  接下來我們?nèi)ザ辏谀抢锎蠹揖涂梢詤⒂^到古代皇帝的地下宮殿了。 定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗萬歷朱翊鈞和孝端、孝靖兩位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊鈞是明朝在位最久的皇帝,九歲登基后以萬歷十七年為界,分為兩個(gè)階段,前一段有大臣張居正的輔佐,國家的各方面都有很大發(fā)展,大有中興大明之勢。張居正病逝后,他像換了一個(gè)人, 28年不理朝政,導(dǎo)致國家?guī)缀跬[。后人評論,其實(shí)明朝滅亡的命運(yùn),在萬歷皇帝時(shí)就已經(jīng)成為定局了。朱翊鈞一生中作過一件值得稱道的事情就是萬歷二十年至二十七年決定了“抗日援朝”戰(zhàn)爭,鞏固了中朝關(guān)系。

  定陵是十三陵中的第三大陵,建筑規(guī)制去祖父世宗永陵,寶城前面的建筑在戰(zhàn)火中被毀,從僅存的須彌座臺基上可以想見當(dāng)年的規(guī)模。在前面的陳列室里,陳列展出的都是定陵出土的國寶級的文物,都非常精美,各位可以一飽眼福,30分鐘后我們在門口集合。

  現(xiàn)在我們來到了定陵的寶城,直徑230米,寶城正中為重檐歇山頂?shù)拿鳂牵嵌甑孛姹4孀钔旰玫慕ㄖ。在明樓?nèi)立6.19米高的石碑,額書“大明”,碑文為“神宗顯皇帝之陵”。寶城中間的大土丘叫做寶頂,其實(shí)就是墳頭。

  大家隨我從左側(cè)的通道進(jìn)入地宮。定陵地宮的挖掘工作是從1956年5月開始的,1958年結(jié)束。最開始發(fā)掘人員是發(fā)現(xiàn)了寶城西南側(cè)墻上露出了一處券門,于是就正對著券門開了第一條探溝,探溝見底后發(fā)現(xiàn)了用城磚砌成的隧道。沿著隧道指示的方向在明樓后正對寶頂?shù)姆较蜷_了第二條探溝,在這條探溝中碰到了刻有“此石至金剛墻前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑,這塊石碑就是指示方向用的標(biāo)志,因?yàn)槎晔腔实凵敖ㄔ斓,完工后必須將地宮用土封上以待帝后。沿著石碑指示的方向,又開了第三條探溝,最終找到了石隧道,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了金剛墻,將其上的金剛門拆開,即進(jìn)入了地宮的隧道券,在西側(cè)正中有兩扇漢白玉的石門,從里邊頂著“自來石”,發(fā)掘人員用鐵棍把自來石從地面凹槽撬起,然后用鉛絲套住并讓它頂在其中一扇門后,另一扇門就可以打開了,沉睡了300多年的定陵地宮被打開了。

  整個(gè)建筑的用料都是磚石,禮制上是仿明堂的“九重法宮”制,分為前室、中室、后室和左右室五個(gè)殿。我們現(xiàn)在所處的位置是前室,也叫前殿,打開時(shí)在只有地面上的一層黃松木板直通后殿,在木板上可以清晰地看到運(yùn)送棺槨的車轍。

  再往前走就是中殿了,它位于前后左右四室中央,地面鋪以細(xì)料方磚,據(jù)說這種磚會(huì)越擦越亮的。殿中陳設(shè)有漢白玉石神座,它的樣式和皇帝生前寶座是一樣的,神座靠背和扶手雕有龍頭,兩位皇后的神座雕有鳳頭。在三個(gè)寶座之前,設(shè)有祭祀用具黃琉璃五供,包括一個(gè)香爐,兩個(gè)燭臺,兩個(gè)花瓶,神座前各有青花云龍大瓷缸,缸中原來盛有香油,里邊放有燈芯,叫做長明燈。

  這座富麗堂皇的地宮就是后殿,又稱皇堂,是地宮中最大的一個(gè)殿,地面鋪設(shè)的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿正中設(shè)有須彌座式、面鋪花斑石、鑲有漢白玉石邊的棺床一座,中央有一方孔,中間填的是黃土,是選擇墓穴時(shí)的第一鏟黃土,叫做金井。棺床的上安放有萬歷皇帝和兩位皇后的棺槨,還有裝隨葬品26箱,萬歷皇帝為自己設(shè)計(jì)了明清兩代最高等級的葬禮——金井玉葬。

  按照皇帝陵寢的規(guī)置是一帝一后,后殿只安放皇帝棺槨,皇后的棺槨應(yīng)在左右配殿,為什么定陵一帝二后?左右配殿沒有任何的陳設(shè),兩位皇后的棺槨卻在后殿?先說他的二后:孝端是朱翊鈞的正宮皇后,后與他沒有孩子。孝靖皇后是萬歷皇帝母親身邊的宮女王氏,萬歷為母請安私幸,巧的是王氏就為萬歷生下了嫡長子,就是后來的“一月天子”朱常洛,死后萬歷才封她為貴妃,簡稱孝靖。她比朱翊鈞早死九年,被埋在東井左側(cè)平岡地,之孫朱由校繼位后才追封為太皇太后。為什么合葬在一起呢?根據(jù)專家推測:在萬歷四十八年的時(shí)候,先是孝端皇后病逝,三個(gè)月后萬歷皇帝去世,而他的兒子朱常洛也在即位29天后就死于紅丸案。剛剛即位的16歲皇帝朱由校眼前有三個(gè)葬禮、還有親奶奶的移靈,這么巨大的任務(wù)都壓在他身上,所以準(zhǔn)備工作十分的倉促。而且當(dāng)時(shí)正好是雨季,安放皇后的配殿不方便打開,于是皇帝皇后的棺槨就都從正門進(jìn)去了?墒堑搅说貙m發(fā)現(xiàn)配殿的甬道太窄了,皇后的棺槨進(jìn)不去,所以只好將它們一并放入了后殿當(dāng)中。

  走出地宮后我們今天的明十三陵之行也將近尾聲了,相信大家一定都為這座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感嘆,希望我的講解能給各位留下深刻的印象,領(lǐng)略我國古代的文明。

北京十三陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇3

  各位旅客朋友們:

  大家好!

  明十三陵是明朝皇帝的墓葬群,坐落在北京西北郊昌平區(qū)境內(nèi)的燕山山麓的天壽山?偯娣e一百二十余平方公里,距離北京約五十公里。這里自永樂七年五月始作長陵,到明朝最后一帝崇禎葬入思陵止,其間230多年,先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太監(jiān)墓。十三座皇陵均依山而筑,分別建在東、西、北三面的山麓上,形成了體系完整、規(guī)模宏大、氣勢磅礴的陵寢建筑群。明代術(shù)士認(rèn)為,這里是“風(fēng)水”勝境,絕佳“吉壤”。因此被明朝選為營建皇陵的“萬年壽域”。

  十三位皇帝陵墓分別為:長陵(成祖)、獻(xiàn)陵(仁宗)、景陵(宣宗)、裕陵(英宗)、茂陵(憲宗)、泰陵(孝宗)、康陵(武宗)、永陵(世宗)、昭陵(穆宗)、定陵(神宗)、慶陵(光宗)、德陵(熹宗)、思陵(思宗)。景區(qū)已開放景點(diǎn)有長陵、定陵、昭陵、神路。

  明十三陵全年適宜,但是春秋天氣最佳,北京的春秋不冷不熱,氣候適中,是理想的旅游季節(jié),尤其是秋季天高氣爽,氣候宜人。

  明朝遷都北京后13位皇帝長眠于此,依山而筑,分別建在東、西、北三面的山麓上,形成了氣勢磅礴的陵寢建筑群,逝者去,陵猶在。

北京十三陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇4

  各位旅客朋友們:

  大家好!

  北京昌平縣境內(nèi),有一處明代帝王陵墓群,即中外聞名的十三陵。在周圍40公里的范圍內(nèi),埋葬著明代13位帝王,23位皇后和眾多的嬪妃、太子、公主、從葬宮女等。

  (一)概況

  明永樂五年(1407)朱棣的皇后徐氏去世。朱棣命禮部、工部及術(shù)士風(fēng)鑒先生等人,在北京郊區(qū)尋找"吉壤"。先后曾指定潭柘寺、燕家臺、屠家營等處,朱棣均不滿意。后來江西術(shù)士廖均卿說,昌平北有吉壤,可做萬年壽域,名黃土山,山前有龍、虎二山,形成一個(gè)小平原。朱棣視察后很滿意,決定在此建造皇陵,改黃土山為天壽山。永樂七年(1409)正式建陵,到永樂十一年竣工,即長陵。明代歷朝(除景泰帝外)皇帝陸續(xù)在此建陵。 明制規(guī)定,陵墓每年大祭三次(清明、中元、冬至),小祭四次(正旦、孟冬、生辰、逝日)。每次謁陵耗費(fèi)巨大。十三陵地面上建筑曾幾度遭到破壞,最嚴(yán)重的一次是清兵入關(guān)。明末清太祖崛起于東北,威脅明朝安全。有人說清兵之所以強(qiáng)盛與他的祖墳風(fēng)水有關(guān)。他們(金人)的祖墳在房山,如搗毀,清兵即滅。天啟皇帝于天啟二年(1622)派人毀房山金陵,并建關(guān)帝廟鎮(zhèn)之。清兵入關(guān)后,采取同樣的報(bào)復(fù)手段,破壞了明陵。清乾隆五十年,為了攏絡(luò)漢人,曾下令修繕明陵。民國時(shí)期,左右,當(dāng)?shù)睾兰潬帄Z產(chǎn)權(quán),明陵又遭破壞。

  1陵墓區(qū)范圍

  墓區(qū)原有一道40公里長的圍墻。紅色圍墻自南邊的大宮門起,依山而筑,設(shè)有中山口、東山口、老君堂口、賢莊口、灰?guī)X口、錐子口、雁子口、德勝口、西山口、榨子口等十個(gè)關(guān)口,各口駐兵把守,F(xiàn)在紅墻已無,但從地名上看還能了解到當(dāng)年的墓區(qū)范圍。

  2繃昴怪兄嵯

  (1)石牌坊

  石牌坊是陵區(qū)最南端的建筑。該坊五門六柱十一樓,高14米,寬2886米,建于嘉靖十九年(1540),是目前國內(nèi)保存最大、最早的石坊。夾桿石四面有浮雕,刻有八對獅子滾繡球、十六條生龍,造型生動(dòng)。

  (2)大宮門

  大宮門是陵墓區(qū)的正門。門分三洞,旁連40公里圍墻。門前豎著"官員人等至此下馬"碑。門內(nèi)有數(shù)千軍士守護(hù),任何人不得闖入。當(dāng)時(shí)規(guī)定"謀毀山陵者,以謀大逆論,不分首從,俱凌遲處死"。山陵內(nèi)盜砍樹木者斬,家屬發(fā)往邊疆充軍。

  (3)碑樓

  該樓為重檐頂四出陛、樓內(nèi)馱巨碑,即長陵的神功圣德碑,高三丈(該碑正式建立于宣德十年,即公元1435年)。正面為神功圣德碑文,3000余字,明成祖長子仁宗朱高熾撰。碑陰是乾隆五十年(1785),清高宗的《哀明陵三十韻》,詳細(xì)地記錄了長、永、定、思幾座陵墓的殘破情況。碑東側(cè)是清政府修明陵的花費(fèi)記錄,西側(cè)是嘉慶九年(1804)清仁宗論述明亡的原因。

  (4)石象生

  神路兩側(cè)有一組石雕群,24獸,12人,共18對,36個(gè)。包括獅子、獬豸、駱駝、麒麟、馬、象各4匹,二臥二立。武臣、文臣、勛臣各4人。

  (5)欞星門

  欞星門俗稱龍鳳門,在此處有"天門"之意,門三道之間有短垣相隔。6根門柱形似華表,三門額坊中央雕有石刻火焰珠,故當(dāng)?shù)厝擞址Q其為火焰牌坊。 欞星門北有7孔漢白玉神橋一座,通往長陵陵門。

北京十三陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇5

  各位旅客朋友們:

  大家好!

  現(xiàn)在大家已經(jīng)來到了北京的遠(yuǎn)郊昌平區(qū),那即將進(jìn)入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時(shí)間,我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明。 明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些風(fēng)水術(shù)士到北京選擇“吉壤”,其實(shí)就是吉祥的土地,準(zhǔn)備修建陵寢。當(dāng)時(shí)這些人找了很多地方,但是都不成功,開始他們選在了口外的屠家營,可是皇帝姓朱,與豬同音,犯了地諱。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下,可是后面有個(gè)村子叫“狼口峪”,這樣豈不是更危險(xiǎn)!后來選過京西的“燕家臺”,有與“宴駕”同音,太不吉利了。最后直到明永樂七年,才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū),在周圍有蟒山,虎峪,龍山和天壽山。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置,就是東青龍,西白虎,南朱雀,北玄武,還有溫榆河經(jīng)過這里,真可以說是風(fēng)水寶地。從此可見當(dāng)時(shí)皇帝要為自己修建一個(gè)陵寢要耗費(fèi)多少精力啊。隨后,就開始修建了長陵,經(jīng)過四年終于竣工了。那明朝歷代的皇帝,也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡,這200多年間,明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍,埋葬了明代十三位皇帝,二十三位皇后,還有許多的妃子,太子等等。可是這里也沒能夠完整的保留下來,在清兵入關(guān)以后,為了報(bào)復(fù)金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉,所以就將這里燒了。后來在乾隆五十年的時(shí)候,為了籠絡(luò)漢人,就下令修繕陵區(qū)。在新中國成立以后,對這里進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā),并且開放了的長陵、定陵和昭陵,其中定陵的地宮已經(jīng)被發(fā)掘了。現(xiàn)在這里已經(jīng)成為了全國重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū),是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群,F(xiàn)在大家可能在想:明朝不是有十六個(gè)皇帝么?怎么在這里只有十三個(gè)皇帝的陵寢?其實(shí)原因很簡單,明太祖朱元璋因?yàn)榻ǘ寄暇,所以他的陵墓?dāng)然就在南京啦,也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二個(gè)皇帝建文帝,因?yàn)楸恢扉Z取了皇位,尸骨下落不明,所以這里就沒有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時(shí)候,他曾經(jīng)被宦官王振慫恿,率軍親征,后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜,這個(gè)事件稱為“土木之變”,一國不能無君,所以他的兄弟就被冊封為景泰帝,而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”,所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓,他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口。這樣一來,大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了。

北京十三陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇6

  現(xiàn)在大家已經(jīng)來到了北京的遠(yuǎn)郊昌平區(qū),那即將進(jìn)入的就是十三陵景區(qū)。利用這段時(shí)間,我來給大家講解一下十三陵的歷史背景和說明。

  明朝永樂皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些風(fēng)水術(shù)士到北京選擇“吉壤”,其實(shí)就是吉祥的土地,準(zhǔn)備修建陵寢。當(dāng)時(shí)這些人找了很多地方,但是都不成功,開始他們選在了口外的屠家營,可是皇帝姓朱,與豬同音,犯了地諱。然后又選在了昌平西南的羊山腳下,可是后面有個(gè)村子叫“狼口峪”,這樣豈不是更危險(xiǎn)!后來選過京西的“燕家臺”,有與“宴駕”同音,太不吉利了。最后直到明永樂七年,才選定了現(xiàn)在的這片天壽山陵區(qū),在周圍有蟒山,虎峪,龍山和天壽山。這里正符合了陰陽五行中四方之神的所在位置,就是東青龍,西白虎,南朱雀,北玄武,還有溫榆河經(jīng)過這里,真可以說是風(fēng)水寶地。從此可見當(dāng)時(shí)皇帝要為自己修建一個(gè)陵寢要耗費(fèi)多少精力啊。隨后,就開始修建了長陵,經(jīng)過四年終于竣工了。那明朝歷代的皇帝,也陸續(xù)在這里修建了陵寢。而且從1409修建長陵一直到1644年明王朝滅亡,這200多年間,明十三陵的營建工程從來沒有間斷過。在這方圓40平方公里的范圍,埋葬了明代十三位皇帝,二十三位皇后,還有許多的妃子,太子等等?墒沁@里也沒能夠完整的保留下來,在清兵入關(guān)以后,為了報(bào)復(fù)金人將清太祖的祖墳毀掉,所以就將這里燒了。后來在乾隆五十年的時(shí)候,為了籠絡(luò)漢人,就下令修繕陵區(qū)。在新中國成立以后,對這里進(jìn)行了大規(guī)模的開發(fā),并且開放了的長陵、定陵和昭陵,其中定陵的地宮已經(jīng)被發(fā)掘了。現(xiàn)在這里已經(jīng)成為了全國重點(diǎn)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū),是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。現(xiàn)在大家可能在想:明朝不是有十六個(gè)皇帝么?怎么在這里只有十三個(gè)皇帝的陵寢?其實(shí)原因很簡單,明太祖朱元璋因?yàn)榻ǘ寄暇,所以他的陵墓?dāng)然就在南京啦,也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二個(gè)皇帝建文帝,因?yàn)楸恢扉Z取了皇位,尸骨下落不明,所以這里就沒有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的時(shí)候,他曾經(jīng)被宦官王振慫恿,率軍親征,后來在河北懷來的土木堡被瓦刺軍俘虜,這個(gè)事件稱為“土木之變”,一國不能無君,所以他的兄弟就被冊封為景泰帝,而后又上演了英宗重新奪取皇位的“奪門之變”,所以在十三陵中沒有景泰帝的陵墓,他以親王的禮節(jié)被安葬在西郊的金山口。這樣一來,大家一定都明白了為什么這里叫做十三陵了。

  現(xiàn)在大家沿途看到的這一個(gè)石牌坊,就是陵區(qū)的標(biāo)志,是嘉靖年間制造的。這個(gè)牌坊是5間6柱11樓,高有14米,寬達(dá)到了28.86米,是現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)保存下來最大、最精美的石牌坊,上邊的圖案裝飾也都是云龍圖案,反映了皇家建筑的特點(diǎn)。

  大宮門就是陵墓區(qū)的正門兒,也叫大紅門。門是南向的,分三洞,在這個(gè)門里邊就是陵墓區(qū)。在門兩側(cè)都有刻著“官員人等至此下馬”的下馬碑,因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)規(guī)定這些人進(jìn)入陵區(qū)都是要步行,否則可是要治罪的。而且這里也是禁區(qū),不是一般老百姓可以隨便進(jìn)入的地方,嚴(yán)重的是要被斬首的。而進(jìn)了這個(gè)門兒,也就走進(jìn)了貫穿陵園南北,能夠直接通到長陵陵門的神道,明朝的神道,也是我國歷代修建的帝王陵中神道最長的,其實(shí)他的主要作用就是讓皇帝靈魂通過的地方,全長有7公里。

  我們一邊走著,就可以看到前邊有一個(gè)碑亭。這個(gè)碑亭是重檐歇山頂?shù)慕ㄖ,里邊有赑屃馱著巨碑,這個(gè)就是長陵的神功頌德碑,正式建立于1435年,正面就是永樂皇帝的長子朱高熾寫的頌德碑文,有3000多字,而背面則是在乾隆五十年撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》,里邊詳細(xì)記錄了陵墓的破損情況。碑身的東面是清政府修繕陵墓的花費(fèi),西側(cè)則是在嘉慶九年論述明王朝滅亡的原因。

  再往前走,就可以看到一座欞星門,也叫龍鳳門,取天門之意。在這個(gè)三門六柱的門中央位置上,有三個(gè)火焰寶珠,所以這里也被叫做火焰牌坊。

  我們其實(shí)一直都是沿著神道來前進(jìn)的,來回顧一下,先是石牌坊,然后到了大宮門,現(xiàn)在我們就要已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了長陵了。碑亭,石象生,過了龍鳳門,還有一段路程就可以到達(dá)長陵的陵門了。而我們所說的整個(gè)陵墓群的中軸線其實(shí)也就是這條貫穿陵園南北,全長共7公里的神道。

  說到長陵,它是明十三陵中的第一座陵,始建于1420xx年,在1420xx年全部建成,是明成祖永樂皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四個(gè)兒子,當(dāng)朱元璋死后,朱棣就以靖難為名,從北平發(fā)兵攻下南京,并且從當(dāng)時(shí)的皇帝朱允文手中奪得了皇位,改年號為永樂,這件事歷史上稱之為靖難之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝,當(dāng)了皇帝以后仍然為了鞏固明朝的統(tǒng)治而連年征戰(zhàn),并且在1420xx年做出了遷都北京的重大決定。在他所統(tǒng)治的明朝年間,國庫充實(shí),政局穩(wěn)定,而且還命人寫作了《永樂大典》這部我國歷史上最大的類書,派鄭和七下西洋,發(fā)展了各國之間友好關(guān)系。而他的賢內(nèi)助徐皇后,也就是明朝開國元?jiǎng)仔爝_(dá)的女兒也是一位有中國古典美的女性,她曾經(jīng)編寫了《內(nèi)訓(xùn)》和《勸善》用以化育人心,在用了五年的時(shí)候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入長陵的第一個(gè)人并不是朱棣,而是徐皇后。長陵共占地10公頃,中軸線由陵恩門,陵恩殿,明樓,寶城和寶頂共同組成。陵墓共有三進(jìn)院,第一進(jìn)院是從陵門道陵恩門,可以看到左右兩側(cè)各有一個(gè)小碑亭,但當(dāng)時(shí)上面都沒有文字,現(xiàn)在的文字是清順治皇帝寫上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二進(jìn)院落中,在1412,明永樂十四年建成,是供奉牌位和舉行祭祀活動(dòng)的地方。它面闊九間,進(jìn)深五間,是重檐廡殿頂?shù)慕ㄖ,殿?nèi)有60根楠木柱,中間的四根直徑都達(dá)到了一米以上,是國內(nèi)最好的楠木殿。原來陵恩殿中陳列有大佛龕,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有了,取而代之的是后人制作的永樂皇帝坐像,大家可以繞道坐像的后邊來看一下,可以看到椅背上刻有一條龍,而龍頭則正對著萬歷皇帝的頭部,這象征著皇帝是真龍?zhí)熳。而四周則是出土文物的展覽。

  咱們從殿后的門一出來,就到達(dá)了第三進(jìn)院落,每座陵墓的標(biāo)志——明樓就在這里。大家可以看到這里也有一個(gè)碑亭,石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵,因?yàn)榛实坌罩欤员硪捕际怯玫闹焐凹t色。

  由于長陵的地宮沒有發(fā)掘,所以我們在長陵的游覽就先告一段落。不過大家不用著急,接下來我們將要去的定陵,就可以讓大家參觀到古代皇帝的地下宮殿了。

  定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗萬歷朱翊鈞和孝端、孝靖兩位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊鈞是明朝在位最久的皇帝,他的為人和永樂皇帝朱棣可以說成為了鮮明的對比。他非常貪婪懶惰,在他九歲即位的時(shí)候,由于有大臣張居正的輔佐,國家發(fā)展的還算比較穩(wěn)定,可是后來張居正病逝,他便利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)為自己選擇了陵地,花費(fèi)了800萬兩白銀,用了六年時(shí)間,建了工程質(zhì)量最好的定陵,而他居然因?yàn)榱陮嬓藿ǖ姆浅M意,而在地宮當(dāng)中舉行了盛大的宴會(huì),真實(shí)一位讓人苦笑不得的皇帝。而他不僅如此,在他在位的48年當(dāng)中,竟然有20xx年不理朝政,導(dǎo)致國家處于癱瘓狀態(tài)。后人評論,其實(shí)明朝滅亡的命運(yùn),在萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞時(shí)就已經(jīng)成為定局了。他有兩位皇后,其實(shí)在開始的時(shí)候孝靖皇后身份低下,可是與他有了一個(gè)男孩,就是后來的“一月天子”朱常洛,母以子貴,她就被封為貴妃。但是她比朱翊鈞早死了九年,并沒有葬在定陵里,直到后來追封她為太皇太后的時(shí)候,才與萬歷皇帝朱翊鈞,孝端皇后共同葬入陵寢。朱翊鈞的另一個(gè)皇后孝端與他沒有孩子,在她去世后不到百日,朱翊鈞也去世了,所以他們是同日葬入定陵的。

  過了碑亭,我們所看到的兩座高石臺基就是定陵陵恩門和陵恩殿的遺址。這里原來也叫享殿,它是舉行祭祀典禮的地方,當(dāng)時(shí)面闊七間,清兵入關(guān)的時(shí)候曾經(jīng)遭到破壞,到了乾隆年間,對這里進(jìn)行了修復(fù),但是后來又遭到了破壞。

  在往前走,我們可以看到一個(gè)陳列室,這里陳列展出的都是定陵的出土文物,是在地宮挖掘之后興建的。展室分為南北兩個(gè)部分,南側(cè)主要陳列地宮出土的萬歷皇帝的隨葬品,北側(cè)則是兩位太后的隨葬品,都非常精美,各位盡可以一飽眼福。

  現(xiàn)在來到了明樓,它也是定陵陵墓的標(biāo)志。明樓為石結(jié)構(gòu)建筑,是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑,始終沒有遭到破壞。在明樓黃色琉璃瓦頂上,鑲有一塊高大的石榜,刻有定陵二字,在明樓內(nèi)的碑額上篆有大名二字,而碑身上則刻有神宗顯皇帝之陵七個(gè)大字。它與寶城相連。寶城是一道用城磚壘起的圓形大墻,墻上有垛口,城墻高7.5米,上厚下薄,周長800米,在它圍繞的中間有一個(gè)人工堆成的大土丘,其實(shí)就是皇陵的墳頭,叫做寶頂。

  咱們現(xiàn)在正從左側(cè)的通道走入地宮。定陵地宮的挖掘工作是從1956年5月開始的,在1958年結(jié)束。最開始,工作人員是發(fā)現(xiàn)了寶城西南側(cè)墻上露出了一處券門,于是就正對著券門開了第一條探溝,到了底部發(fā)現(xiàn)了用城磚砌成的隧道。在三個(gè)月以后,沿著隧道的方向在明樓西面開了第二條探溝,在這條探溝的挖掘過程中,碰到了刻有“此時(shí)至今剛墻前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑,從而得到了關(guān)于打開地宮的正確方向。工作人員沿著這個(gè)方向,又開了第三條探溝,最終找到了石隧道,并且發(fā)現(xiàn)了金剛墻,打開金剛墻,里邊有一個(gè)方形的石券室,在西側(cè)正中有兩扇漢白玉的石門,從里邊頂著“自來石”,而工作人員只用了鐵絲和木板,不到五分鐘,就將沉睡了337年的定陵地宮打開了。

  地宮深度是27米,總面積達(dá)到了1195平方米,整個(gè)建筑的用料都是磚石,可以說是地下的無梁殿,禮制上是仿明堂的“九重法宮制”,分為前中后左右五個(gè)殿堂由七扇漢白玉門連接,最大的一扇高3.3米,寬1.7米,重達(dá)4噸,看上去很笨重,其實(shí)設(shè)計(jì)非常的合理。石門的重心偏向門軸,所以開關(guān)自如;門扇上橫著設(shè)有防止倒塌的青銅扇管,重量大約是10噸;在門正面雕刻有乳狀門釘和銜環(huán)鋪首,背面與之相對應(yīng)的地方有一個(gè)凸起的部分,關(guān)門以后,自來石就承托在這里。

  在地宮前殿和左右兩個(gè)配殿中沒有任何的陳設(shè)。而現(xiàn)在到達(dá)的中殿高7.2米,寬6米,地面是金磚鋪地,據(jù)記載,這種磚會(huì)越擦越亮的。殿中陳設(shè)有漢白玉石寶座,它的樣式和皇帝生前寶座是一樣的,在前邊也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的寶座雕有鳳頭,而萬歷皇帝的寶座靠背和扶手都雕有龍頭。原來寶座的陳列是呈品字形的,后來為了方便游人參觀,才改變了陳設(shè)。在三個(gè)寶座之前,設(shè)有祭祀用具黃琉璃五供,包括一個(gè)香爐,兩個(gè)燭臺,和兩個(gè)香瓶,和嘉靖年間的青花云龍大瓷缸,這個(gè)缸中原來是盛有香油,里邊放有燈芯的,叫做長明燈,但是由于關(guān)門后地宮缺氧,所以這盞燈并沒有長明。

  在中殿后面的就是后殿,它是地宮中最大的一個(gè)殿,高大9.5米,長31米,寬9.1米,地面上鋪設(shè)的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中設(shè)有白石鑲邊的棺床一座,中央有一個(gè)長型方孔,中間填的是黃土,也就是選擇墓穴時(shí)的第一鏟黃土,叫做金井,它是整座陵寢建筑格局的基本點(diǎn)。在棺槨四周和棺槨內(nèi)放有玉石,或者在死者口中含有玉石,稱為玉葬。之所以這樣,是因?yàn)楣湃苏J(rèn)為金井可以溝通陰陽,交流生氣,而玉葬能夠保持尸體不腐爛。金井玉葬在明清兩代是最高等級的葬禮。當(dāng)然這些都是古人的理想而已,沒有什么科學(xué)根據(jù)。在棺床的上安放有萬歷皇帝和兩位皇后的棺槨,還有裝隨葬品的26個(gè)木箱。

  隨著參觀定陵的活動(dòng)結(jié)束,我們今天的明十三陵之行也將近尾聲了,相信大家一定都為這座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感嘆,隨著我國文物保護(hù)工作的不斷開展,國家投入了大量的資金修繕明十三陵,這座規(guī)模宏大的帝王陵寢也將被永久的保存下去。同時(shí),我也希望各位游客能對這里留下美好的印象,歡迎各位下次再來參觀。

北京十三陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇7

  明十三陵位于北京市昌平區(qū)北部天壽山下,因明代遷都北京后,有十三位皇帝埋葬于此,故稱十三陵。自明永樂七年(1409)開始建長陵,到清朝順治初年建思陵,在方圓80平方公里的陵區(qū)范圍內(nèi),共埋葬了明朝十三位皇帝,二十三位皇后,此外還有眾多的嬪妃,太子,公主,叢葬宮女等。營建時(shí)間前后達(dá)200余年,形成了體系完整,規(guī)模宏大,氣勢磅礴的陵寢建筑群,也是世界上保存完整,埋葬皇帝較多的墓葬群。

  明成祖朱棣選定在北京營造皇陵,主要有兩個(gè)原因:首先,政治方面。北京是朱棣經(jīng)營多年的根據(jù)地,所以自從他登基起,就計(jì)劃者遷都北京,故而皇陵隨之建在北京,也是順理成章的事:其次,戰(zhàn)略方面。明朝初年,蒙古等的殘余勢力逃到漠北,成為明朝北方的一個(gè)長期威脅。若身處南京,未免有些鞭長莫及,難以達(dá)到控制北方局勢的目的。所以,朱棣遷都北京的同時(shí)在北京卜選陵址,是極具戰(zhàn)略意圖的舉措,這對明朝疆域的鞏固也的確起了非常重要的作用。朱棣的決策影響可謂深遠(yuǎn)。

  永樂五年(公元l20xx年),永樂皇帝的皇后徐氏去世,朱棣命禮部,,工部及術(shù)士風(fēng)水先生等人前往北京一帶開始選擇萬年吉壤”。先后曾指定潭柘寺,燕家臺,屠家營等處,朱棣都不滿意。后來在江西術(shù)士廖均卿的推薦下,選中了昌平這塊風(fēng)水吉壤。整個(gè)陵區(qū)東,西,北三面群山如拱似屏,南面龍山,虎山分列左右,構(gòu)成天然門戶。陵區(qū)大宮門正好建在兩山之間,門里是一片開闊的盆地。整個(gè)陵區(qū)以長陵位關(guān)鍵,以大宮門一一長陵一線為中軸線。北面以天壽山為鎮(zhèn)山,東面有蟒山,西面有虎峪,正和風(fēng)水左青龍,右白虎的說法。再加陵區(qū)內(nèi)溫榆河從西北蜿蜒流向東南,形成陵區(qū)的抱水,的確是一塊風(fēng)水寶地”。

  自永樂七年(公元l420xx年)正式在此建長陵,到1644年明王朝滅亡,明十三陵的營造工程,歷經(jīng)了二百多年,從沒間斷。十三陵以時(shí)間先后,依次為:長陵,獻(xiàn)陵,景陵,裕陵,茂陵,泰陵,康陵,永陵,昭陵,定陵,慶陵,德陵,思陵。除以上十三位皇帝外,陵內(nèi)還葬有皇后23人,皇貴妃1人,及殉葬宮人數(shù)十人。另外還有7座妃墳園寢和1座太監(jiān)墓。由于十三陵中的第一個(gè)陵是長陵一一永樂帝朱棣和皇后徐氏的合葬墓,因此長陵的中軸線也就是自然成為整個(gè)陵區(qū)的中軸線。

  (今日十三陵)

  1992年,在北京旅游世界之最”的評定中,專家學(xué)者對十三陵的判定語為世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群”。20xx年7月,明十三陵被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》明清皇家陵寢的擴(kuò)展項(xiàng)目。《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》對它的評價(jià)如下:明清皇家陵寢依照風(fēng)水理論,精心選址,將數(shù)量眾多的建筑物巧妙的安置于地下。它是人類改變自然的產(chǎn)物,體現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)的建筑裝飾思想,闡釋了封建中國持續(xù)了500余年的世界觀和權(quán)力觀。”

  (石牌坊)

  石牌坊位于神道最南端,建于嘉靖十九年(公元l540年),是陵區(qū)的標(biāo)志。石牌坊青白石料組裝雕琢而成。體量巨大,其結(jié)構(gòu)為五間六柱十一樓。其高14米,寬28.86米,是我國現(xiàn)存營造時(shí)間最早,建筑等級最高的大型仿木結(jié)構(gòu)的石牌坊。牌坊的夾桿石,四面有浮雕,刻有八對獅子滾繡球和十六條云龍的圖案。

  (大紅門)

  大宮門是陵墓區(qū)的正門,俗稱大紅門”。門向南,分三洞,是陵區(qū)的總門戶。它位于虎山,龍山之間一高崗上,距石牌坊1.25千米。門口左右立下馬碑二方,正面刻有官員人等至此下馬”八個(gè)字。當(dāng)時(shí)奉旨官員到這里,文官下轎,武官下馬,皆由步行進(jìn)入陵區(qū),否則以大不敬論罪。《大明律》還規(guī)定,陵區(qū)內(nèi)一草一木都不得擅動(dòng),否則以謀毀山陵”論罪,且山嶺內(nèi)盜砍樹木者斬,家屬發(fā)配從軍”。

  (長陵神功圣德碑)

  沿中軸線向北距大宮門0.6千米,就是長陵神功圣德碑碑亭。碑亭是重檐歇山式建筑,正方形,四面劈門,高約三丈,建于宣德十年(1435年)。亭內(nèi)是明成祖永樂帝朱棣的神功勝德碑。碑身正面刻的是明成祖長子一一仁宗朱高熾撰寫德神功勝德碑文,碑文有3000多字。碑的背面刻有的是乾隆五十年(公元1785年),清高宗撰寫的《哀明陵三十韻》,詳細(xì)記述了長陵,水陵,定陵,思陵幾座陵墓的殘破狀況。碑東側(cè)刻有清政府修明陵的花費(fèi)記錄。碑西側(cè)刻有嘉慶九年(公元1820xx年),清仁宗論述明亡國的教訓(xùn)得失。長陵的神功勝德碑是十三陵唯一刻有碑文的陵碑,其他各陵碑都均沒有刻字。

  碑亭四隅各立一座高10.81米的漢白玉華表。這四座華表為墓前標(biāo)志,也是附屬碑亭的裝飾性建筑。

  大宮門后的大道叫神道,又稱陵道。神道縱貫陵園南北,全長7.3公里,向北直達(dá)長陵陵門。在碑亭北側(cè),各有一列石雕群,統(tǒng)稱石像生。在陵墓前設(shè)置石像生的儀制始于秦漢,以象征死者生前儀衛(wèi)。此后歷代君王沿用不絕,只是神獸形象和數(shù)量有所不同。

  (石像生)

  明十三陵的石像生沿用明孝陵的規(guī)制,但增加了4尊功臣像。長陵石像生以一對石望柱開始,其后800米的神道上排列有石獸12對,石人6對。石獸每種兩對,獅子,獬豸(xiezhi),駱駝,麒麟,馬,象,各四匹,兩臥兩立分左右排列在神道兩側(cè)。石獅的形象威武雄壯,凜然不可侵犯。陵前置獅子為鎮(zhèn)物,用以驅(qū)區(qū)避邪;獬豸是傳說中象征公平正義的神獸,它被認(rèn)為能辨曲直”,有觸不直者”的能力,在此也起著保護(hù)帝王的作用。駱駝為沙漠之舟,象征運(yùn)輸。大象聰明溫和,力大無比,象征祥瑞,且帝王生前儀仗也多用大象。麒麟,是傳說中的神獸,古人認(rèn)為如有麒麟出現(xiàn),則是帝王有圣德,天下太平的象征。在神道上設(shè)置麒麟有歌功頌德之意。石馬多被置于陵墓前,原因是皇帝生前儀仗中必有仗馬。石人6對,文臣,武臣,勛臣各四人,分別象征帝王朝會(huì)中的各級官員,將軍和有功之臣。這些石聲像建于宣德十年(公元1435年)。

  (欞星門)

  石聲像的北端是一座玲瓏別致的欞星門。古人認(rèn)為圣殿之有欞星門,蓋尊圣門如天門也”。故用欞星命名的門成為一種象征,比作天宮之門。此處欞星門為三開間,門上中間各飾有火焰珠寶,因此又俗稱火焰牌坊”,也叫龍風(fēng)門。

北京十三陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇8

  Now you have come to Changping District, the outer suburb of Beijing. Whatyou are about to enter is the Ming Tombs scenic area. During this time, I willexplain the historical background and explanation of the Ming Tombs.

  Zhu Di, the emperor of Yongle in Ming Dynasty, sent some geomantic warlocksto Beijing in 1407 to choose "auspicious soil", which is actually auspiciousland to build a mausoleum. At that time, these people looked for many places,but they were not successful. At first, they chose tujiaying, which was not intheir mouth. However, the emperor's surname was Zhu, who had the samepronunciation as pig, and made a taboo. Then I chose Yangshan mountain in thesouthwest of Changping, but there is a village called "langkouyu" behind it.Isn't that more dangerous? Later I chose Yanjiatai in the west of Beijing, whichhas the same pronunciation as "Yanjia", which is very unlucky. Finally, it wasnot until the seventh year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty that the present Tianshoumausoleum area was selected. There are Mangshan, Huyu, Longshan and Tianshoumountains around it. This is exactly the location of the four gods in the YinYang and five elements, that is, the East Green Dragon, the west white tiger,the South rosefinch, the North Xuanwu, and the Wenyu River. It is really ageomantic treasure land. From this we can see how much energy it took for theemperor to build a mausoleum for himself.

  After that, the construction of Changling began, and it was finallycompleted after four years. The emperors of Ming dynasty built mausoleums hereone after another. Moreover, from the construction of Changling in 1409 to theend of Ming Dynasty in 1644, the construction of Ming Tombs never stopped. Inthis area of 40 square kilometers, 13 emperors, 23 queens, many concubines andprinces of the Ming Dynasty were buried. However, it did not survive completely.After the Qing soldiers entered the pass, in order to revenge the Jin people,they destroyed the ancestral Tomb of the Qing Taizu, so they burned it here.

  Later, in the 50th year of Qianlong, in order to win over the Han people,they ordered to repair the mausoleum area. After the founding of the people'sRepublic of China, large-scale development was carried out here, and theChangling, Dingling and Zhaoling tombs were opened, among which the undergroundpalace of Dingling has been excavated. Now it has become a key scenic spot inChina, and is the most well preserved tomb group with the largest number ofemperors buried in the world.

  Now you may be thinking: isn't there sixteen emperors in the Ming Dynasty?Why are there only thirteen emperors' mausoleums here? In fact, the reason isvery simple. Because Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, built hiscapital in Nanjing, his mausoleum is in Nanjing, that is, Ming Xiaoling; Jianwenemperor, the second emperor of Ming Dynasty, was seized the throne by Zhu Di,and his remains are unknown, so there is no mausoleum here; At the time ofYingzong, the seventh emperor of Ming Dynasty, he was once encouraged by WangZhen, a eunuch, to lead the army to fight personally. Later, he was captured bythe Wasi army at Tu Tu fort in Huailai, Hebei Province. This event is called"the change of Tu". A country can't be without a monarch, so his brother wascanonized as emperor Jingtai. Later, Yingzong's "change of seizing the throne"was staged, so there was no Jingtai in the Ming Tombs Emperor's mausoleum, hewas buried in the western suburbs of jinshankou as a prince. In this way,everyone must understand why it is called the Ming Tombs.

  Now you can see this stone archway along the way, which is the symbol ofthe mausoleum area. It was made during the Jiajing period. The archway is 5rooms, 6 columns and 11 floors. It is 14 meters high and 28.86 meters wide. Itis the largest and most exquisite stone archway preserved in China. The patternsand decorations on it are also cloud dragon patterns, reflecting thecharacteristics of royal architecture.

  Dagongmen is the main gate of the mausoleum area, also known as dahongmen.The gate is southward and has three holes. Inside the gate is the mausoleumarea. On both sides of the gate are inscriptions of "officials waiting todismount here", because at that time, it was stipulated that these people had towalk into the mausoleum area, otherwise they would be punished. Moreover, thisis also a forbidden area. It's not a place where ordinary people can enter atwill. The serious problem is that they have to be beheaded. When you enter thisgate, you will enter the Shinto that runs through the north and south of themausoleum and directly leads to the gate of Changling mausoleum. The Shinto ofthe Ming Dynasty is also the longest in the imperial mausoleum built in China.In fact, its main function is to let the emperor's soul pass through, with atotal length of 7 kilometers.

  As we walk, we can see a stele Pavilion in front of us. This pavilion is abuilding with double eaves on the top of Xieshan mountain. Inside it is a hugetablet carrying a heavy burden. This is the tablet of praising virtue, a divineskill of Changling. It was officially established in 1435. On the front is thetablet of praising virtue written by Zhu gaochi, the eldest son of EmperorYongle, with more than 3000 words. On the back is the thirty rhymes of AI Mingmausoleum written in the 50th year of Qianlong, which records the damage of themausoleum in detail. On the east side of the monument is the cost of the Qinggovernment to repair the mausoleum, and on the west side is the reason for thecollapse of the Ming Dynasty in the ninth year of Jiaqing.

  After the stele Pavilion, we continue to walk along the Shinto road. Wewill find that there are many stone carvings on both sides of the Shinto road.In fact, there are 36 stone carvings here, which are called stone carvings. Nextto the pavilion is two stone columns. Next, lions, elephants, camels, elephants,Kirin and horses. Each has four _, arranged in a sequence of lying down andstanding. Then there were four military officials, four civil officials and fourmeritorious officials. These buildings were built to reflect the emperor's honorguard before his death and his dignity after his death. So the volume is verylarge and the carving is very fine. And these also symbolize that the emperorcan be respected in his life, and also in his death. All the sacred, civil andmilitary officials should be respected for me.

  Further on, you can see a Lingxing gate, also known as Longfeng gate, whichmeans Tianmen. In the middle of the three doors and six pillars, there are threeflame pearls, so it is also called flame archway.

  In fact, we have been marching along the Shinto all the time. Let's review,first the stone archway, then the grand palace gate. Now we are going to enterChangling. Stele Pavilion, stone elephant life, after the dragon and Phoenixgate, there is still a long way to reach the Changling mausoleum gate. In fact,the central axis of the whole mausoleum group is the Shinto, which runs throughthe north and south of the mausoleum, with a total length of 7 kilometers.

  As for the Changling mausoleum, it is the first mausoleum among the MingTombs. It was built in 1409 and completed in 1416. It is the joint Tomb ofEmperor Zhu Di and empress Xu of Yongle, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Diwas the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of Ming Dynasty. When ZhuYuanzhang died, Zhu Di sent troops from Beiping to capture Nanjing in the nameof Jingnan, and won the throne from Zhu Yunwen, the emperor at that time, andchanged his name to Yongle. This event was called the battle of Jingnan inhistory.

  Zhu Di was a great emperor. After he became emperor, he still fought foryears in order to consolidate the rule of Ming Dynasty, and made a majordecision to move the capital to Beijing in 1420. During the Ming Dynasty underhis rule, the National Treasury was abundant and the political situation wasstable. He also ordered people to write Yongle Dadian, the largest book inChinese history. He sent Zheng He to the West seven times and developed friendlyrelations among countries. His wife, empress Xu Da, the daughter of Xu Da, thefounder of the Ming Dynasty, is also a woman with Chinese classical beauty. Sheonce wrote "neixun" and "Quanshan" to cultivate people's minds. She died afterfive years of illness. It is worth mentioning that the first person buried inChangling was not Zhu Di, but empress Xu. Changling covers an area of 10hectares. Its central axis consists of Lingen gate, Lingen hall, minglou,Baocheng and Baoding. There are three entrances to the mausoleum. The firstentrance is from the gate of the mausoleum to the gate of the mausoleum. You cansee a small stele Pavilion on both sides of the mausoleum. However, there wereno words on it at that time. Now the words are written by Emperor Shunzhi of theQing Dynasty.

  Lingen hall is located in the second courtyard of the mausoleum. It wasbuilt in 1412 in the 14th year of Yongle of Ming Dynasty. It is the place wherememorial tablets and sacrificial activities are held. It is nine rooms wide andfive rooms deep. It is a building with double eaves and veranda. There are 60nanmu pillars in the hall, and the diameter of the four pillars in the middle ismore than one meter. It is the best nanmu hall in China. There was originally alarge Buddhist niche in Lingen hall, but now it is no longer there. Instead,there is a sitting statue of Emperor Yongle made by later generations. You cantake a look around the back of the statue. You can see that there is a dragoncarved on the back of the chair, and the dragon head is facing the head ofEmperor Wanli, which indicates that the emperor is the real dragon emperor. Allaround are exhibitions of unearthed cultural relics.

  Behind the middle hall is the back hall. It is the largest hall in theunderground palace. It is 9.5 meters tall, 31 meters long and 9.1 meters wide.The ground is paved with polished mottled stones. In the back hall, there is acoffin bed with white stone edge. There is a long square hole in the center, andthe middle is filled with loess, which is the first shovel of loess whenchoosing the tomb. It is called Jinjing, which is the basic point of thearchitectural pattern of the whole mausoleum. Jade burial refers to placing jadearound and inside the coffin or in the mouth of the dead. The reason for this isthat the ancients believed that Jinjing could communicate with Yin and Yang andexchange life, while jade burial could keep the corpse from rotting. Jinjingjade burial was the highest level funeral in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Of course,these are the ideals of the ancients, without any scientific basis. On thecoffin bed are the coffins of Emperor Wanli and two empresses, as well as 26wooden boxes for funerary objects.

  According to the rules of the emperor's mausoleum, the back hall is onlyused to place the emperor's coffins. Why do the two empresses' coffins alsoappear here? This phenomenon is not clearly recorded in the historicalmaterials, but according to experts' speculation: in the 48th year of Wanli,first empress Xiaoduan died, then Emperor Wanli died in July, and his son ZhuChangluo died 29 days after he ascended the throne In the case of Hongwan, twoemperors, a queen and empress Xiaojing were killed in this short hundred days,and they had to be moved and buried. Such a huge task was put on the Emperor ZhuYouxiao who had just ascended the throne, so the preparations were veryhasty.

  Moreover, it was the rainy season at that time, so it was not convenient toopen the Queen's side hall, so the coffins of the emperor and queen enteredthrough the main door. But when I got to the underground palace, I found thatthe corridor of the side hall was too narrow for the Queen's coffin to enter, soI had to put them into the back hall. Now you can understand what the decorationof the coffin in the underground palace is like. Well, now please follow me outof the underground palace.

  With the end of the visit to the Ming Tombs, our trip to the Ming Tombs iscoming to an end. I believe everyone will sigh for this huge imperial mausoleumgroup. With the continuous development of cultural relics protection in China,the state has invested a lot of money to repair the Ming Tombs, and this grandImperial Mausoleum will be preserved forever. At the same time, I also hope youcan leave a good impression on this place. You are welcome to visit again nexttime.

北京十三陵導(dǎo)游詞 篇9

  Dear friends, now I would like to introduce the Dingling mausoleum.Dingling mausoleum is the only mausoleum with underground palace opened amongthe Ming Tombs. It is the joint burial Mausoleum of the 13th emperor of MingDynasty Zhu Yijun and his two emperors Xiaoduan and Xiaojing. It is located infront of Dayu mountain of Tianshou mountain and was built in 1590 ad.

  Zhu Yijun's year name is Wanli, which means to be emperor for 10000 years.Although it didn't come true, it also set a record for the Ming emperor, thatis, the emperor with the longest reign. Emperor Wanli succeeded to the throne atthe age of 10 and began to build his own mausoleum and underground palace at theage of 22. The whole project lasted six years and consumed more than 8 milliontaels of silver. During his 48 years in office, he almost ignored thegovernment, and was buried in the harem all day long. He was fond of drinkingand often killed people drunk. After his death, he was buried in Dingling.

  Emperor Wanli had two empresses, empress Xiaoduan and empress Xiaojing.Empress Xiaojing was only a concubine when she died. According to theregulations of the Ming Dynasty, empress Xiaojing could not enter theunderground palace after her death, so she was buried in other places. After thecrown prince succeeded to the throne, he was granted the title of EmpressDowager Xiaojing. After the death of empress Xiaoduan and Emperor Wanli, empressXiaojing was moved to the underground palace. So there is a emperor and twoempresses buried in the underground palace. The underground palace of Dinglingwas opened in 1957, and more than 3000 cultural relics were unearthed, whichcaused a sensation all over the world.

  At present, Dingling has become a national key scenic spot, a 4A scenicspot, and tourists from all over the world come to visit it every day.

  The whole cemetery was originally composed of lingmen, Lingen men, Lingenhall, minglou, Baocheng, Baoding and the left and right side halls in front ofminglou. After nearly 500 years of life, the original Lingen gate and Lingenhall have been destroyed, only the base is left. Because the Ming tower ofDingling is made of stone and is not afraid of fire, it is still well preserved.Now let's take a look at the site of Lingen gate and Lingen hall.

  Ladies and gentlemen, we are now standing at the site of Lingen Hall ofDingling. Now we can see the column foundation of the hall. Lingen hall is amain hall for sacrifice. Originally, there were tablets for emperors and queensin the hall. The Lingen gate and the Lingen Hall of the Dingling mausoleum wereburned when the Qing soldiers entered the pass. Later, Emperor Qianlongrenovated the Ming Tombs in order to attract the Han people, but mostly reducedthe scale.

  It is said that Qianlong used the method of stealing beams and replacingpillars to transport the original coarse timber of the Ming Tombs to the westernand Eastern tombs of the Qing Dynasty, and rebuilt the Ming Tombs with smalltimber. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the regulation. Up to now, there isstill a popular saying that "Qianlong, unjust, demolished the great tombs andchanged the small Ming Tombs".

  The first exhibition room mainly displays the relics unearthed from theemperor's coffin, including posthumous treasures, posthumous volumes, goldencrowns, jade belts, gold and silver vessels, silk fabrics, etc. The secondexhibition room mainly displays the cultural relics unearthed from the coffinsof the two queens, including Phoenix crowns, headdresses, gemstones and otherdaily necessities used in life. Now you can visit it free of charge. Pleasedon't take photos or video in the exhibition room. Thank you for yourcooperation. We will gather in front of minglou in ten minutes.

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