1、work on, work at
這兩個(gè)短語動(dòng)詞都可以用作及物動(dòng)詞,均可表示“從事于,致力于”的意思,其后須跟名詞,代詞或者動(dòng)名詞作賓語,一般情況下可以互換,例如:they have been working on a design for a lighter plough.他們一直在設(shè)計(jì)一種比較輕的犁。they are working on a report of their investigation of synthetic rubber.他們?cè)趯懸环莺铣上鹉z的調(diào)查報(bào)告。he is working on a new novel.他正在寫一本新的小說。they have worked on this subject for many years.他們研究這門學(xué)科已經(jīng)有好多年了。she is working at some exercises.她在做練習(xí)題。they worked at it whenever regular field tasks are not pressing.日常的農(nóng)活不緊迫時(shí),他們就干這個(gè)。
work on除表示“從事于”的意思外,常見的意思還有“繼續(xù)工作”。這時(shí),on是副詞,其后不能跟賓語。例如:they'll work on until sunset.他們將繼續(xù)工作,直到日落。
2、worth, worthy to, worthy of, worthwhile
worth是“值得”的意思,一般看作介詞(也有人認(rèn)為是形容詞),后面通常接(金額,時(shí)間,精力之類的)的名詞或動(dòng)名詞。接動(dòng)名詞時(shí),要用主動(dòng)形式,表示的卻是被動(dòng)的意義。有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào),worth前還可以用適當(dāng)?shù)母痹~修飾。例如:what is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做。this precision instrument is worth 10,000 yuan.這臺(tái)精密儀器值一萬元。the research work is worth our while.我們?cè)谶@項(xiàng)研究工作上花了精力是值得的。
worthy to和worthy of除表示“值得的”的意義外,還有“配得上,相稱的”等意思。前者后通常接被動(dòng)不定式,間或接主動(dòng)不定式。后者后通常接名詞(但不能接有關(guān)鈔票數(shù)目的名詞)或動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式,有時(shí)也接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式。例如:it is a thing worthy to be seen.這件東西值得一看。nothing occurred worthy of being mentioned.沒有發(fā)生什么值得一提的事。she is worthy of this necklace.她是配得上這條項(xiàng)鏈的。
worthwhile是形容詞,可用作表語,其主語可以是名詞,代詞,動(dòng)名詞或不定式;它亦可用作定語。此外,worthwhile還可以分開,在while前加物主代詞。例如:it is worthwhile visiting hangzhou.杭州值得一游。this is a worthwhile experiment.這是一項(xiàng)值得進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)。it is worth our while to read the book.我們讀這本書是值得的。
3、war, battle, fight
war“戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”解,每個(gè)war之中可以包含許多次的battle。battle作“戰(zhàn)役”解,指在war進(jìn)行之中的各次戰(zhàn)役及大的戰(zhàn)斗。fight作“作戰(zhàn),戰(zhàn)斗”解,一個(gè)battle之中可以包含多次的fight,尤指短兵相接的肉搏戰(zhàn)。這一組詞不但可表示具體的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和戰(zhàn)斗,亦可用于抽象意義。例如:russia was beaten in the war with japan.在與日本的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中,俄國被打敗了。he led the battle against poverty and disease.他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著這一場(chǎng)與貧困和疾病斗爭(zhēng)的戰(zhàn)役。there had been two or three sea fights between the two countries.這兩個(gè)國家已有過兩三次海戰(zhàn)了。
4、what ever, whatever
what ever指“到底(是)什么,究竟(是)什么”,用于疑問句中,其中的ever被用來加強(qiáng)語氣,表示驚奇,憤怒等感情色彩。例如:what ever do you think you're doing?你究竟在干什么?what ever do you mean?你到底是什么意思?
whatever指“無論什么,任何的”,常用來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句及狀語從句,在引導(dǎo)名詞從句時(shí)相當(dāng)于anything that,引導(dǎo)狀語從句時(shí)相當(dāng)于no matter what。例如:whatever you say is wrong.不管你說什么總是錯(cuò)的。whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help.無論你有什么問題,都可以找我?guī)兔Α?
5、would rather, prefer
這兩者均可表示“寧愿,更喜歡”。
would rather是一個(gè)情態(tài)詞組,后接省去to的不定式,表示某個(gè)具體的特定行為。prefer是一個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,后接帶to的不定式,也表示一個(gè)具體的特定行為。例如:he would rather join you in the research work.他寧愿加入到你的研究工作中來。which would you rather have, bread or rice?面包和米飯,你更喜歡哪一個(gè)?we prefer to living this way.我們更喜歡這種生活方式。he preferred to go on a picnic with the girls.他更喜歡和女孩們?nèi)ヒ安汀?
兩者接不定式時(shí),可分別與than和rather than搭配,表示“寧愿...而不愿”,would rather...than與prefer...rather than的后半部分均接省去to的不定式。例如:he would rather work than play.他寧愿工作也不愿玩。he would rather be poor than get money in such a dishonest way.他寧愿受窮也不愿以這樣一種不誠實(shí)的方法弄到錢。they preferred to die of hunger rather than take his bread.他們寧愿餓死也不愿接受他的面包。she prefers to be trouble rather than be taken care of by her parents.她寧愿有麻煩也不愿讓父母照顧她。
prefer后能接名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語,用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),表示一個(gè)習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。它也可與介詞to搭配,表示“喜歡...而不喜歡。would rather則不能接名詞及動(dòng)名詞。例如:do you prefer coffee or tea?你喜歡咖啡還是茶?she prefers being alone.她喜歡一個(gè)人呆著。i prefer orange to red.相比于紅色,我更喜歡橙色。he prefers reading novels to watching tv.相比于看電視,他更喜歡看小說。
prefer可跟帶不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),而would rather則沒有這種用法。例如:i prefer you not to come.我寧愿你不要來。i should prefer you not to stay there too long.我寧愿你別在那兒待得太久。
would rather和prefer后都可接從句,從句中要用虛擬語氣:在would rather后的從句里,要用過去時(shí)態(tài)表示現(xiàn)在和將來,用過去完成時(shí)態(tài)表示過去;在prefer后的從句里,則用should加動(dòng)詞原形的形式,should 也可以省去。例如:i would rather you came next month.我寧愿你下個(gè)月來。we'd rather you hadn't done that.我們寧愿你沒做過那件事。i prefer that the plan be fully discussed before it is carried out.我更希望這個(gè)計(jì)劃在實(shí)施之前先對(duì)其進(jìn)行充分的討論。he preferred that we do it some other way.他更希望我們換一種方式做這件事。