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首頁 > 考試輔導(dǎo) > 外語考試 > 英語詞匯 > 高考英語詞匯 > 2008高考必背英語詞匯講座-R字頭

2008高考必背英語詞匯講座-R字頭

1、rather than, other than, would rather(...than)

  rather than是連詞,前后兩端所連的詞性是一致的,通常譯為“而不是”或“與其說是……不如說是”,有時可用短語介詞instead of替代。例如:he was engaged in writing a letter rather than(= instead of) reading the newspaper.他那時是在寫信而不是看報紙。john ought to go rather than(= instead of) jean.應(yīng)該去的是約翰,而不是吉恩。these shoes are comfortable rather than pretty.這些鞋子談不上漂亮,但穿起來倒很舒服。evans is a historian rather than a writer.埃文斯與其說是個作家,不如說是個史學(xué)家。

  other than有兩種意思:一是用來表示否定意義,即“不同于(= different from),非(= not)";二是用來表示排除意義,即“除了”,相當(dāng)于except。例如:the truth is quite other than what you think.事實真相和你們想的完全不一樣。they are patriotic and support socialism, although many of them come from other than working class families.他們是愛國的,是擁護社會主義的,盡管他們當(dāng)中有許多人并非出身于工人階級家庭。she can hardly be other than grateful.她除了感激之外還能怎么樣呢。he has visited every country in asia other than japan.除了日本之外,他訪問了所有的亞洲國家。

  would rather表示選擇或主觀上的愿望,其中的would亦可解作had。它表示“寧愿,寧可”的意思。如果要把取舍的雙方都表達出來,則應(yīng)該用would (or: had) rather … than,表示“寧愿……也不……”的意思。例如:my aunt invited me to the movies, but isaid i had rather go on a picnic with thegirls.我的姑媽邀請我去看電影,可是我說我倒愿意跟女孩子們一起去野餐。i am sure they would (or: had) rather die than give up.我深信他們一定會寧死不屈。he would rather resign than take part in such a dishonest transaction.他寧愿辭職,也不愿參與那樣不誠實的交易。

  注意:would rather 后亦可接that從句,that通常省略,從句中用動詞用過去時形式表示虛擬。 would rather...than的連詞than后亦可接that從句。例如:i would (or: had) rather he came on monday.我寧愿他星期一來。i would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell one lie.我寧愿丟失一打櫻桃樹也不愿聽你說一句謊話。  

2、reach at, reach for

  這兩個詞組都有“伸手去拿(。”的意思,但涵義有所不同。

  reach at的意思是“伸手企圖去觸摸或達到(try to touch or attain by reaching)"。例如:he reached at the flowers in my hand.他伸手想觸摸我手中的花。she reached at the glass, but it had dropped.她想把那個玻璃杯子抓住,但還是掉下去了。

  reach for沒有“企圖”的含義,它指一般意義上的“伸手去拿(。┠撤N具體的實物”。例如:the boy stood on tiptoe and reached for the map on the wall.男孩踮著腳,伸出手去拿墻上的地圖。then, reaching for a pencil, he wrote down his telephone number.然后,他伸手拿了支鉛筆,寫下了他的電話號碼。

3、refer to, refer...to

  refer to中的refer是不及物動詞,與介詞to一起構(gòu)成及物動詞詞組。它主要有三種意思:1.查閱,參考書 2. 指...而言,適用于 3.提到,提及。例如:in this connection, please refer to our letter of may 6.關(guān)于這個問題,請參閱我們五月六日的來信。here he was referring to two different world outlooks.這里他所說的是兩種不同的宇宙觀。the author referred to his teacher twice in his essay.作者在文章中兩次提及他的老師。

  refer … to 中的refer是及物動詞,to為介詞,它主要有兩種意思:1.“把……提交給”,to后接組織,團體等名詞 2.“把……歸功于”,相當(dāng)于owe … to。例如:the local court decided to refer the case to the high court.地方法院決定把這案件提交高級法院處理。they referred their success to the correct leadership of the party.他們把取得的成就歸功于黨的正確領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。  

4、regret doing, regret to do

  regret doing是指“做了某事而感到遺憾或后悔”的意思,即v-ing 的動作發(fā)生在regret的動作之前。有時v-ing用完成形式。例如:she regretted missing the train.她為沒有趕上火車而感到懊惱。i regretted having left the work unfinished.我為沒有完成這件工作而感到有些遺憾。

  regret to do是指當(dāng)時或現(xiàn)在“遺憾地做某事”。盡管regret在這兒是動詞,但常譯為副詞的意思,相當(dāng)于regretfully。例如:the comrade regretted to inform us that xiao lin had been severely injured.那位同志遺憾地通知我們,小林受了重傷。i regret to tell you that we cannot stay here any longer.我遺憾地告訴你,我們不能再在這兒多呆了。  

5、reply, answer, respond

  reply:“回答,答復(fù)”,正式用語,指以書面形式答復(fù),也指用行動回擊,在辯論中回敬。除了后面帶直接引語和that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句外,一般只作不及物動詞。常用作擬人化,常用詞組:in reply to回答,答復(fù)。i answered your letter by sending a postcard last sunday and havebeen waiting for time to reply to it.上周我寄了一張明信片來回復(fù)你的信,此后一直等時間復(fù)信。do you intend to reply to this attack on your character?對這種對你品行的攻擊你打算回敬嗎?

  answer:“回答,答復(fù)”,普通用詞,常指口頭回答問題,答復(fù)爭論或指責(zé),或要求給予辯護,inanswer to回答,響應(yīng)。usually you use words to answer a question but not always. you might answer by shaking your head or shrugging your shoulder.通常你用言語回答問題,但并不是總這樣,你可以搖頭或聳肩以示回答。these figures were given in answer to the question from the opposition spokesman.列舉這些數(shù)字是為了答復(fù)反對黨發(fā)言人的質(zhì)問。

  respond:“反應(yīng),響應(yīng)”,指通過口頭或行動做出相關(guān)反應(yīng),并且常常是即刻地或毫不猶豫地做出反應(yīng)。i should like to respond to my opponent's remarks about the government's actions.對于我的對手就政府所采取的行動所說的那番話,我愿意做出答復(fù)。is it true that antiquated legal ideas prevent the government from respondingeffectively to the demands which modern society makes up to it?過時的法律觀點真的會妨礙政府對當(dāng)代社會向其提出的要求做出積極的反應(yīng)嗎?when martin insulted the referee, he responded by ordering him off the field.馬丁辱罵裁判時,裁判以令其退出比賽場地作為答復(fù)。 

6、responsibility, duty, obligation

  responsibility:“責(zé)任“,一般由于法律,職業(yè)或道德等要求而必須盡的責(zé)任,而且含有要對后果負責(zé)任的意思。常用短語有:accept/ assume/ take the responsibility 任但責(zé)任、負責(zé)任;decline all responsibility about拒絕對……負任何責(zé)任。例如:i will lend you my camera if you will assume full responsibility for it.如果你能負完全責(zé)任,我愿把照相機借給你。the manufactures disclaim all responsibility for damage caused by misuse.使用不當(dāng)而造成的損壞,生產(chǎn)廠家不負任何責(zé)任。

  duty:“義務(wù),責(zé)任,職責(zé)”,通常強調(diào)由于道德、倫理、法律規(guī)定等而產(chǎn)生對自己及他人乃至社會的義務(wù)或責(zé)任,還指在工作中應(yīng)盡的責(zé)任(常用復(fù)數(shù))。例如:the delivery on confidential letters was a duty that he never relegated to anybody else.他從未把投遞機密信件的責(zé)任推給任何其他人。the first thing to do is to acquaint yourself with your new duties and colleagues.第一件要做的事情就是熟悉你的新職務(wù)和同事。

  obligation:“必須履行的義務(wù)、負擔(dān)、責(zé)任”,強調(diào)由于現(xiàn)實的壓力如諾言、誓言、契約、法律及社會習(xí)慣的約束而對他人應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)或應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。常用短語有:fulfill an obligation 履行義務(wù);express sb's deep obligation to 向...表示深切謝意;a matter of obligation 義不容辭的責(zé)任。例如:i'm under obligation to professor hawkins for some useful criticisms upon the first edition of this book.我感激霍金斯教授對于本書初次出版的若干有益的批評。it was plain that green was carrying out what he regarded as a fixed obligation.很明顯,格林當(dāng)時正在盡一種他認為是不可推卸的義務(wù)。  

7、reserve, conserve, preserve

  reserve:“保留,保存”,指儲藏或保留座位,物品,問題,意見,權(quán)利等留待以后需要時再用或指限制目前或他人使用。例如:reserve (one's strength) oneself for the next battle 養(yǎng)精蓄銳以利再戰(zhàn);all rights reserved 版權(quán)所有,不得翻印。this is the force of will which had enabled her to reserve the fund intact.正是這種意志力使她能夠不動用專款。it's well known to all of us that the runners should reserve some of their energy for the final sprint. 眾所周知,運動員應(yīng)為最后的沖刺保留一些體力。

  conserve:“保存,保重”,指為了避免不必要的或過多的變化、損失、損耗而采取措施加以保護,而且通常表示保存得完好無損。例如:in my opinion, our constitutional can be conserved only by an intelligent electorates.依我看,憲法權(quán)威只能由有才智的選民來維護。john slipped his coffee, made from his carefully conserved supply brought with him from england.約翰慢慢地品嘗他從英國帶來的并保存得很好的咖啡。

  preserve:“保護、防護、維護、維持、保存”,強調(diào)防御破壞的含義,指采用某些方法以保持某物的存在不受損毀,破壞,還指用各種方法防止食物腐爛。如:there is nothing like routine and regularity for preserving one's peace of mind.日常事物和規(guī)律性活動最能保持人的心境平衡。we have done our best to make repairs and preserve these cultural relics and historical sites.我們已盡了最大努力來修理和保護這些文物古跡。

8、respective, respectful, respectable

  這三個形容詞都是由動詞respect分別加后綴派生而來的,在含義和用法上是有區(qū)別的。

  respective是“各自的,個別的,分別的”的意思,只用作定語,而且?guī)缀蹩偸切揎棌?fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。例如:go to your respective places.各就各位。my husband and i are each going to visit our respective mothers.我丈夫和我都分別準備去看望我們各自的母親。he and i contributed the respective sums of six dollars and four dollars.他和我分別捐了六美元和四美元。

  respectful是表示:“尊敬(或尊重)的(showing respect)”的含義,可作定語或表語。作定語時,所修飾的名詞一般是非生物名詞,句中的主語只能是人。例如:when he raised the problem, she kept a respectful silence.當(dāng)他提出那個問題時,她恭敬地保持著沉默。the boy were well mannered and respectful toward grown-ups.那些男孩們彬彬有禮,尊敬長輩。

  respectable:“值得尊敬;受敬重的”意思,含被動的意味,可用作定語或表語,其所修飾的名詞或句中的主語應(yīng)該是人。它還可形容人“名聲好的;正派的”,或指某種東西是“尚可的,質(zhì)量還不錯的”等意思。例如:he is a respectable old cadre.他是一位可敬的老干部。how dare you talk to a respectable woman like that?你怎么可以對一個受人尊敬的婦女說那樣的話?what he did is not quite respectable.他做的事不很正派。his work is respectable but not outstanding.他的工作干得不錯,但還不算突出。  

9、responsible for, responsible to

  這兩個詞組中responsible是形容詞,一般多用在連系動詞be后面作表語。兩個詞組均表示“對……負責(zé)”的意思,但用法有別。

  responsible for后接表示事物的名詞或動名詞,表示“對某事負責(zé)”的意思。此外,在主語與介詞賓語都是事物名詞時,其主語和賓語常含有因果關(guān)系,翻譯時則要靈活對待。例如:the pilot of the plane is responsible for the passenger's safety.飛機駕駛員應(yīng)對旅客的安全負責(zé)。the bad weather is responsible for the small attendance.由于天氣惡劣,所以出席人數(shù)不多。the gale was responsible for the ship being 36 hours late.大風(fēng)使該船晚點三十六小時。

  responsible to后接表示人的名詞或代詞,表示“對某人負責(zé)”的意思。例如:we must be responsible to the people.我們應(yīng)該對人民負責(zé)。their duty is to hold themselves responsible to the children.他們的責(zé)任是對孩子們負責(zé)。 這兩個詞組可合并在一起,構(gòu)成responsible to sb. for (doing) sth.結(jié)構(gòu),表示“為所做的事或受托的事向某人或某團體負責(zé)”。例如:i am responsible to the parents for the child's safety.我要為這個孩子的安全對他的父母負責(zé)。  

10、result from, result in

  這兩個詞組均為動介型短語,均表示主語和介詞賓語之間的一種因果關(guān)系,但其在用法上是不同的。

  result from意指“是……的結(jié)果,由于……而發(fā)生”,即主語表示結(jié)果,介詞from的賓語則表示原因,即主語的結(jié)果是由賓語的原因引起的。

  result in意指“結(jié)果是,導(dǎo)致;結(jié)果造成”,其主語表示原因,介詞in的賓語則表示結(jié)果,即主語的原因?qū)е禄蛟斐闪速e語的結(jié)果。試比較以下兩句的轉(zhuǎn)換: his death resulted from an overdose of drugs.他的死是由于服用藥物過量引起的。these measures resulted in a great victory.由于采取了這些措施,結(jié)果打了一個大勝仗。  

11、run out, run out of

  這兩個詞組都有“用完”的意思,但用法不同。 run out是動副型短語動詞,作不及物動詞,表示“被用完了(become used up)”的被動含義,其主語通常是時間、金錢、食物等無生命名詞。例如:his money soon ran out.他的錢很快就花完了。