affect vt. ①影響 ②感動，打動
[特征]
- the part-time job affected her studies. 這份兼職工作影響了她的學(xué)習(xí)。
- she was affected by this movie. 她被這部電影感動了。
[備考必背] 辨析affect和influence
affect指的是受到具體事物的影響；influence指的是抽象的影響，經(jīng)常指的是態(tài)度、行為和思想等方面的影響。
- the entire country was affected by drought. 整個國家干旱肆虐。
- the globalization influences the concept of the whole world.
全球化影響了整個世界的理念。
afford vt. ①負(fù)擔(dān)得起（時間、費用等） ②提供
[特征]
- he can't afford the new house. 他買不起這間新房。
- the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries. 公司無法支付如此巨額的工資。
[考點]
afford常常接在一些助動詞后面，如：can，could，be able to等。afford后面所跟動詞的形式經(jīng)常是afford to do sth.，可以直接跟名次，但是很少用于被動語態(tài)。
- i can't afford so much money for the new car. 我付不起這么多錢買輛新車。
（×）a car can be afforded by most people.
（√）most people can afford a car. 大多數(shù)人都能買得起汽車。
[貼心叮嚀]
afford這個單詞非常重要，也經(jīng)常考，但它的考點并不多。
afraid adj. 害怕；擔(dān)心；恐怕
[考點] 重要句型
afraid只能作表語，不能作定語，也就是只能用在be afraid of/to do/that這樣的句型中。
be afraid of sth./sb./doing sth. 害怕某事/害怕某人/害怕坐某事
- the little boy was afraid of rats. 這個小男孩害怕老鼠。
- she was afraid of her teacher very much. 她很怕她的老師。
- she was afraid of waking her mother up. 她生怕把她媽媽吵醒了。
be afraid to do sth. 害怕/不敢做某事
- she is afraid to make a mistake any more. 她不敢再犯錯誤了。
be afraid +從句 恐怕/怕……（意思常相當(dāng)于i'm sorry, but ...表示委婉的回絕。）
- i'm afraid that i can't join your party. 我恐怕參加不了你的聚會。
[練習(xí)與解答]
— go for a picnic this weekend, ok?
— . i love getting close to nature. [2004 福建]
a. i couldn't agree more b. i'm afraid not
c. i believe not d. i don't think so
答案：a （“這個周末去野餐，好嗎？”“再好不過了。我喜歡親近自然。”本題考查的是交際用語。i couldn't agree more是“再好不過了(表示同意 )”；i'm afraid not是“我恐怕不能”； i believe not 和i don't think so表示“我不認(rèn)為這樣”。）
[貼心叮嚀]
afraid非常重要，要熟練掌握上面的考點。
afterward(s) adv. 然后，后來地
[特征]
afterwards是英國的用法，美國人更多的是用afterward，這兩個詞意思一樣。
- afterwards the girl left guangdong for shanghai. 后來這女孩離開廣東去了上海。
[備考必背] 辨析afterwards和later
這兩個詞有時可以互換。但later可以和具體的時間連用，而afterwards不能。
- he will realize his mistakes afterwards/later. 他以后會意識到他的錯誤的。
- i saw her three days later. 我三天后見到了她。