question 29-39

large animals that inhabit the desert have evolved a number of adaptations for reducing the effects of extreme heat.one adaptation is to be light in color,and to reflect rather than absorb the sun's rays.desert mammals also depart from the normal mammalian practice of maintaining a constant body temperature.instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body,which would involve the expenditure of water and energy,desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height,and temperatures as high as 46degrees celsius have been measured in grant's gazelles.the overheated body then cools down during the cold desert night,and indeed the temperature may fall unusually low by dawn,as low as 34degrees celsius in the camel.this is an advantage since the heat of the first few hours of daylight is absorbed in warming up the body,and an excessive buildup of heat does not begin until well into the day.

another strategy of large desert animals is to tolerate the loss of body water to a point that would be fatal for non-adapted animals.the camel can lose up to 30percent of its body weight as water without harm to itself,whereas human beings die after losing only 12to 13percent of their body weight.an equally important adaptation is the ability to replenish this water loss at one drink.desert animals can drink prodigious volumes in a short time,and camels have been known to imbibe over 100liters in a few minutes.a very dehydrated person,on the other hand,cannot drink enough water to rehydrate at one session,because the human stomach is not sufficiently big and because a too rapid dilution of the body fluids causes death from water intoxication.the tolerance of water loss is of obvious advantage in the desert,as animals do not have to remain near a water hole but can obtain food from grazing sparse and far-flung pastures.desert-adapted mammals have the further ability to feed normally when extremely dehydrated,it is a common experience in people that appetite is lost even under conditions of moderate thirst.

29.what is the main topic of the passage?

(a)weather variations in the desert

(b)adaptations of desert animals

(c)diseased of desert animals

(d)human use of desert animals.

30.according to the passage,why is light coloring an advantage to large desert animals?

(a)it helps them hide from predators.

(b)it does not absorb sunlight as much as dark colors.

(c)it helps them see their young at night

(d)it keeps them cool at night.

31.the word "maintaining"in line 4is closest in meaning to

(a)measuring

(b)inheriting

(c)preserving

(d)delaying

32.the author uses of grant's gazelle as an example of

(a)an animal with a low average temperature

(b)an animal that is not as well adapted as the camel

(c)a desert animal that can withstand high body temperatures

(d)a desert animal with a constant body temperature

33.when is the internal temperature of a large desert mammal lower?

(a)just before sunrise

(b)in the middle of the day

(c)just after sunset

(d)just after drinking

34.the word "tolerate"in line 13is closest in meaning to

(a)endure

(b)replace

(c)compensate

(d)reduce

35.what causes water intoxication?

(a)drinking too much water very quickly

(b)drinking polluted water

(c)bacteria in water

(d)lack of water.

36.what does the author imply about desert-adapted mammals?

(a)they do not need to eat much food.

(b)they can eat large quantities quickly

(c)they easily lose their appetites.

(d)they can travel long distances looking for food.

37.why does the author mention humans in the second paragraph?

(a)to show how they use camels.

(b)to contrast them to desert mammals.

(c)to give instructions about desert survival.

(d)to show how they have adapted to desert life.

38.the word "obtain"in line 23is closest in meaning to

(a)digest

(b)carry

(c)save

(d)get

39.which of the following is not mentioned as an adaptation of large desert animals?

(a)variation in body temperatures

(b)eating while dehydrated

(c)drinking water quickly

(d)being active at night.

questions 40-50

rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.in the united states,rent controls date back to at least world war ii.

in 1943the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime.the federal program ended after the war,but in some locations,including new york city,controls continued.under new york's controls,a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases.in places such as santa monica,california,rent controls are more recent.they were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's,which,combined with california's rapid population growth,pushed housing prices,as well as rents,to record levels.in 1979santa monica's municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978.future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.

in any housing market,rental prices perform three functions:(1)promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing,(2)allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants,and (3)rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.

one result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units.rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability -rents.consider some examples.in a recent year in dallas,texas,with a 16percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws,11,000new housing units were built.in the same year,in san francisco,california,only 2,000units were built.the major difference?san francisco has only a 1.6percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws.in new york city,except for government-subsidized construction,the only rental units being built are luxury units,which are exempt from controls.in santa monica,california,new apartments are not being constructed.new office rental space and commercial developments are,however.they are exempt from rent controls.

40.what does the passage mainly discuss?

(a)the construction of apartments in the united states.

(b)causes and effects of rent control

(c)the fluctuations of rental prices

(d)the shortage of affordable housing in the united states.

41.the word "they"in line 9refers to

(a)the tenants

(b)their leases

(c)places

(d)rent controls.

42.which of the following was not a reason for the introduction of rent controls in santa monica,california?

(a)rapid population growth

(b)inflation

(c)economic conditions during wartime

(d)record-high housing prices

43.the phrase "roll back"in lines 11-12is closest in meaning to

(a)credit

(b)measure

(c)vary

(d)reduce

44.the word "stimulating"in line 15is closest in meaning to

(a)experimenting with

(b)identifying

(c)estimating

(d)encouraging

45.it can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to

(a)protect tenants

(b)promote construction

(c)increase vacancy rates

(d)decrease sales of rental units

46.the word "depressed"in line 19is closest in meaning to

(a)saddened

(b)created

(c)lowered

(d)defeated

47.the information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?

(a)san francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.

(b)rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units

(c)luxury apartments are rarely built when there is rent control

(d)there is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.

48.according to the passage,which of the following cities does not currently have rent controls?

(a)santa monica

(b)dallas

(c)san francisco

(d)new york city

49.the word "stringent"in line 23is closest in meaning to

(a)straightforward

(b)strict

(c)expanded

(d)efficient

50.according to the passage,which of the following is not exempt from rent control?

(a)luxury apartments

(b)commercial development

(c)moderately priced apartments

(d)office space