英文法律文書簡明教程(通用3篇)
英文法律文書簡明教程 篇1
一、縮寫 Abbreviations
規(guī)則1、
在正式寫作中,應(yīng)當(dāng)避免使用縮寫,除非有下述規(guī)則2、規(guī)則3和規(guī)則4的情形。
In formal writing, one should not use abbreviations, except as indicated in rules 2, 3, and 4 below.
例如:
Incorrect: The U.S. Supreme Court held that the defendant\’s rights had been violated.
Correct: The United States Supreme Court held that the defendant\’s rights had been violated.
Incorrect: Professor Jonas mentioned several cities that have domestic-partnership ordinances, e.g., New York and San Francisco.
Correct: Professor Jonas mentioned several cities that have domestic-partnership ordinances, including New York and San Francisco.
Incorrect: The Court announced its decision in the case on Oct. 12, 1994.
Correct: The Court announced its decision in the case on October 12, 1994.
規(guī)則2、
如果一個(gè)縮寫的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)非常普遍,在一般用法中已經(jīng)取代了全稱,則可以使用縮寫;但使用此縮寫時(shí)不應(yīng)該使用表示縮寫的英文句號(.)。
When an abbreviation has become so common that it has supplanted the full name in common usage, one may use the abbreviation; however, one should do so without the use of periods.
例如:
Incorrect: The N.A.A.C.P. was the subject of a profile on C.B.S. last week.
Correct: The NAACP was the subject of a profile on CBS last week.
。ㄗⅲ NAACP abbr.National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (美國)全國有色人種協(xié)進(jìn)會(huì),CBS abbr. (美國)哥倫比亞廣播公司(Columbia Broadcasting System))
However: The defendant in the case is R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc.
請注意,在上面的例子中,字母R和J后面的句號(.)應(yīng)當(dāng)保留,因?yàn)檫@個(gè)縮寫所代表的含義并非廣為人知。一般來說,這樣的縮寫應(yīng)當(dāng)使用全稱;但是在上面的例子中不能用全稱,因?yàn)榭s寫R.J.是公司注冊名稱中使用的。
Notice that in the preceding example, the points after \"R\" and \"J\" should be left in, because the meaning of the abbreviation is not sufficiently well known to most readers. Ordinarily, one would replace such an abbreviation with the full terms; however, one can not do so in this case because the legal corporate name involved includes the abbreviation.
規(guī)則3、
當(dāng)使用legal citation時(shí),一定要按照Bluebook(見譯注)的要求來縮寫。但在行文中提及法院時(shí),不應(yīng)用縮寫。
When writing legal citations, always use the abbreviations required by the Bluebook. However, when referring to a court in text, do not abbreviate. For example:
例如:
Incorrect: The Ill. Supreme Court required the return of the child to his birth mother. Smithson v. Bettaglia, 59 Illinois 2d 73, 180 Northeast Reporter 2d 754 (1994).
Correct: The Illinois Supreme Court required the return of the child to his birth mother. Smithson v. Bettaglia, 59 Ill. 2d 73, 180 N.E.2d 754 (1994).
規(guī)則4、
當(dāng)行文中涉及的公司在其注冊名稱中含有一個(gè)或多個(gè)縮寫時(shí),如 R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc.,應(yīng)當(dāng)保留縮寫;不要把縮寫所代表的全稱全部拼出,除非公司的注冊名稱中已經(jīng)全部拼出,如Eon Shipping Company。這條規(guī)則適用于所有的公司名稱中,包括Co., Corp., Inc.和 Ltd.。
When referring to a corporate entity that has one or more abbreviations as part of its legal name, such as R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc., leave the abbreviations in the name. Do not spell out the abbreviation unless the corporation itself spells it out, which some do (for example, Eon Shipping Company). This rule applies to all of the various forms of corporate designations, including Co., Corp., Inc., and Ltd.
例如:
Incorrect: McDermott International, Incorporated
Correct: McDermott International, Inc.
二、縮略符
當(dāng)一個(gè)學(xué)生向教授提交書面作業(yè)或向律師事務(wù)所提交書面資料時(shí), 沒有什么比錯(cuò)誤的使用或不使用縮略符造成的負(fù)面印象更嚴(yán)重了。因此,掌握這些簡單,卻常常容易混淆的規(guī)則非常重要。
在四種情形下使用或不使用縮略符容易引起混淆,分別是(1)復(fù)數(shù)詞(2)單數(shù)所有格(3)復(fù)數(shù)所有格和(4)it\’s和its的縮寫形式(Contractions,see cross reference hereunder)與所有格。是否使用所有格,要先問問自己是否涉及領(lǐng)有關(guān)系。如果是領(lǐng)有關(guān)系,名詞或帶詞就要采取所有格。
規(guī)則1、Plain plural words do not require the use of an apostrophe. For example:
Incorrect: The lawyer\’s could generally be found after hours at the Hanover Street Bar and Grill. (The apostrophe here incorrectly indicates a singular possessive.)
Incorrect: The lawyers\’ could generally be found after hours at the Hanover Street Bar and Grill. (The apostrophe here incorrectly indicates a plural possessive.)
Correct: The lawyers could generally be found after hours at the Hanover Street Bar and Grill. (The lack of an apostrophe here correctly indicates a plural, nonpossessive term.)
規(guī)則2、In singular possessive terms, place the apostrophe before the \"s.\" This will indicate ownership by one person or thing. For example:
Incorrect: Our schools collection included an original set of Blackstone\’s Commentaries.
Incorrect: Our schools\’ collection included an original set of Blackstone\’s Commentaries.
英文法律文書簡明教程 篇2
NECESSARY TERMS OF ENGLISH CONTRACT
1.前言 Preamble
一份標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英文合同通?梢苑譃榍把裕≒reamble)、正文(Operative part)、附錄(Schedule)及證明部分即結(jié)束詞(Attestation)四大部分組成。 前言(Preamble)由“Parties”及“Recitals”兩部分組成。
“Parties”為必備條款,在很多時(shí)候稱為“commencement”即合同的開場白,主要介紹合同各方的名稱或姓名、注冊地及地址、郵編及在合同中的簡稱。當(dāng)然,并不是所有的合同都要詳細(xì)介紹以上諸要素,在許多簡單合同中,只是提一下各方的名稱。
I. 以下為“Parties”的常用表達(dá)方式:
1. This Agreement is entered into by and between ____ and ____. 本協(xié)議由以下雙方____和___ 簽署。
2. This Agreement is entered into by and between ____ (hereinafter referred to as____) and ____ (hereinafter referred to as "_____"), whereby it is agreed as follows:
本協(xié)議由以下雙方____(以下簡稱____)和_____(以下簡稱___)簽署,達(dá)成如下協(xié)議:
注:在很多合同中,這部分加入簽約事由,如:
This Agreement is entered into through friendly negotiations between _____ Co.
(hereinafter referred to as the “Party A”) and _____ Co. (hereinafter referred to as the “Party B”) based on equal
ity and mutual benefit to develop business on the terms and conditions set forth below:
本協(xié)議由_____(以下稱為甲方)和____(以下稱為乙方)為發(fā)展業(yè)務(wù)在平等互利的基礎(chǔ)上簽訂,其條款如下:
This Agreement is entered into between _____ (hereinafter referred to as "Company"), and ______, (hereinafter referred to as "Employee") pursuant to paragraph VIII(2) of the Employee Handbook, whereby it is agreed as follows:
本“協(xié)議”由_____(以下簡稱“公司”)與_____(以下簡稱“雇員”)根據(jù)“雇員手冊”第VIII(2)款簽署,“協(xié)議”內(nèi)容如下:
II. 以下為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的“Parties”條款:
3. This Agreement is made and entered into this _____th day of _____ in the year of ____ by and between ______, a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of ______, with its principal place of business at _____ (hereinafter referred to as “_____”), and ______, a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of _____, with its principal place of business at _____ (hereinafter referred to as “_____”), whereby it is agreed as follows:
本合約由______,在_____法律之下并憑該等法律正式組織并存在的公司,其主要營業(yè)地點(diǎn)在______(下稱_____),與_____,在_____法律之下并憑該等法律正式組織并存在的公司,其主要營業(yè)地點(diǎn)______(下稱代理人),于_____日簽訂和締結(jié),協(xié)議如下:
III. “Recitals”由數(shù)個(gè)以"Whereas"字樣開頭的句子所組合而成(這些句子俗稱為“Whereas Clauses”),表示當(dāng)事人乃是在基于對這些事實(shí)(例如訂約的目的、背景來由等)的共同認(rèn)識(shí),訂立此合約。
4. This Agreement is made and entered into this _____ day of _____ in the year of ____ by and between _______, a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of ______, with its principal place of business at ______ (hereinafter referred to as “_____”), and ______, a company duly organized and existing under and by virtue of the laws of ______, with its principal place of business at ______ (hereinafter referred
to as “_____”)
WITNESSED
WHEREAS, NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereto agree as follows:
本合約由_____,在_____法律之下并憑該等法律正式組織并存在的公司,其主要營業(yè)地點(diǎn)在______(下稱_____)(或下稱供應(yīng)商),與_______,在_____法律之下并憑該等法律正式組織并存在的公司,其主要營業(yè)地點(diǎn)_
鑒于
因此,雙方當(dāng)事人達(dá)成以下協(xié)議:
注:WITNESSED可以用WITHNESSTH、WITHNESSTH THAT等來代替。
IV. 在很多美國常用合同中,在很多情況下直接用RECITALS引導(dǎo)數(shù)個(gè)陳述語句或“Whereas Clauses”。下面為一個(gè)資產(chǎn)購買協(xié)議實(shí)例:
This ASSET PURCHASE AGREEMENT (the "Agreement") is made and entered into as of May 19, 1997 by and among AAA, a Delaware corporation ("AAA"), BBB, a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of AAA ("Buyer"), CCC ("Summit"), and DDD, an Oregon corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of Summit ("Seller").
RECITALS
A. The Boards of Directors of each of Summit, Seller, AAA and Buyer believe it is in the best interests of each company and their respective security holders that Buyer acquire certain listed assets and assume certain listed liabilities of Seller (the "Acquisition").
B. On the date hereof, Buyer has executed a $2,000,000 irrevocable purchase order to purchase 400 time-based licenses for Summit's Visual HDL interfaces for Visual Test bench ("VTB") software on AAA's standard form of purchase order, which is payable within five (5) business days after the date hereof.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the covenants, promises and representations set forth herein, and for other good and valuable consideration, the parties agree as follows:
2.定義 Definition
在正文(Habendum)部分,通常第一章為定義(Definitions)部分。
定義條款即對合同中涉及的術(shù)語及名詞作出限定、解釋的.條款。它可以散見于合同各個(gè)部分,但對于一些大型的、重要的合同,通常將其置于第一章。
I. 常見的定義語句常用mean, refer to, be construed as, include等來表達(dá)。如:
1. "Territory" means the United States of America.“銷售地區(qū)”是指美利堅(jiān)合眾國。
2. “Commencement date” shall mean the date of signing this agreement by the last signing party hereto.
“協(xié)議生效日”是指本“協(xié)議”最后簽字的一方簽署本“協(xié)議”的日期。
3. The “agreement” herein referred to shall mean this agreement of agency by entrustment.
“協(xié)議”在這里是指本委托代理協(xié)議。
4. “Code” shall refer to the current and applicable Internal Revenue Code.
“法”是指當(dāng)前可用的國內(nèi)稅收法。
5. Reference to any statutory provision shall be construed as a reference to the same as it may have been, or may from time be, amended, modified or re-enacted.
引用法律規(guī)定理解為引用其本身外,還包括其修訂、修正或重新實(shí)施案。
6. "Expenses" include costs, charges and expenses of every description. “費(fèi)用”包括各種形式的金錢支出。
II. 還有一類特殊的定義語句,即對于「單、復(fù)數(shù)」及「陰、陽性」名詞的范圍定義。通常都是用include來表達(dá):
1. "Stock Certificate" includes "stock certificate" and "stock certificates".
合同中的“股票”,包括單數(shù)與復(fù)數(shù)。
2. "He" includes "he" and "she".
合同中的“他”,包括“他”與“她”。
3. Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number.
采用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)的單詞也包括復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。
III. 定義語句中,有時(shí)需限定范圍。而通常用得最多的是:“for the purpose of ”及“in relation to”某概念的定義條款,如果適用范圍僅限于合同的“特定部份”,可以用“for the purpose of ”來為定義條款起頭。而如果定義條款是針對合同的“特定概念”,就用“in relation to”來界定。如下例:
1. For the purpose of this Agreement, "Products" means all types of the machineries manufactured by Manufacturer as are specified in Attachment
A hereto.
本協(xié)議所稱的“產(chǎn)品”,指制造人所制造如附件A表列之各式機(jī)器。
2. "Address" means-
(a) 就自然人而言in relation to an individual, his usual residential or business address; and
(b) in relation to a corporation, its registered or principal office in the Republic of China.
“地址”就自然人而言,指通常之居所或工作場所;就公司而言,指位于中華人民共和國之注冊所在地或主營業(yè)所。
IV. 在定義條款中,在定義語句前有時(shí)會(huì)加上一些陳述語句來引導(dǎo),如:
英文法律文書簡明教程 篇3
Advertising Agency Agreement/廣告代理協(xié)議
This Advertising Agency Agreement(“Agreement”) is made and effective this
[Date], by and between[Advertiser](“Advertiser”) and [Agency](“Agency”). 此廣告代理協(xié)議(“協(xié)議”)從今[日]起由[廣告商](“廣告商”)和[代理商](“代理商”)之間簽訂并生效,
Agency is in the business of providing advertising agency services for a fee. 代理商從事提供廣告代理服務(wù)并收取費(fèi)用。
Advertiser desires to engage Agency to render, and Agency desires to render to Advertiser, certain advertising agency services, all as set forth.
廣告商欲雇用代理商提供服務(wù),并且代理商欲提供給廣告商某些廣告代理服務(wù),如下所示。
NOW, THERFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements and covenants herein contained the parties hereto agree as follows:
因此,現(xiàn)在,考慮到在此包含的雙方約定和合同,雙方同意如下條款:
1.Engagement.
雇用
Advertiser engages Agency to render, and Agency agrees to render to
Advertiser, certain services in connection with Advertiser’s planning,
preparing and placing of advertising for certain of Advertiser’s products as follows:
廣告商啟用代理商提供,并且代理商同意提供給廣告商和廣告商的計(jì)劃,準(zhǔn)備和投放一些廣告商的產(chǎn)品的服務(wù),如下所示:
A. Analyze Advertiser’s current and proposed products and services and present and potential markets.
分析廣告商的目前和建議的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù),目前和潛在的市場。
B. Create, prepare and submit to Advertiser for its prior approval
advertising ideas and programs.
創(chuàng)立,準(zhǔn)備和提交給廣告商先前批準(zhǔn)的廣告理念和計(jì)劃。
C. Prepare and submit to Advertiser for its prior approval estimates of
costs and expenses associated with proposed advertising ideas and programs. 準(zhǔn)備和提交給廣告商與所建議的廣告理念和計(jì)劃的先前的批準(zhǔn)的預(yù)計(jì)成本和費(fèi)用。
D. Design and prepare, or arrange for the design and preparation of, advertisements.
設(shè)計(jì)和準(zhǔn)備,或安排廣告的設(shè)計(jì)和準(zhǔn)備。
E.Perform such other services as Advertiser may request from time to time such as, but not limited to , direct mail advertising preparation, speech writing, publicity and public relations work, market research and analysis.
進(jìn)行廣告商可能不時(shí)要求的其他服務(wù),例如,但不局限于,直接的郵寄廣告準(zhǔn)備,演講稿,宣傳和公共關(guān)系工作,市場研究和分析。
F.Order advertising space, time or other means to be used for publication of Advertiser’s advertisements, all time endeavoring to secure the most efficient and advantageous rates available.
預(yù)訂用于廣告商廣告發(fā)布的空間,時(shí)間或其它方式,一直努力獲得最有效的和最有利的費(fèi)率。
G. Proof for accuracy and completeness of ions, displays, broadcasts, or other forms of advertisements.
尋求精確性和完成廣告附加頁,展示,廣播或其它形式的廣告。
H. Audit invoices for space, time, material preparation and charges. 審計(jì)空間,時(shí)間,材料準(zhǔn)備和費(fèi)用的發(fā)票。
2.Products
產(chǎn)品
Agency’s engagement shall relate to the following products and services of Advertiser: [Products]
代理商的啟用將與廣告商的下列產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)有關(guān)[產(chǎn)品]
3.Exclusivity.
獨(dú)家代理
Agency shall be the [Exclusive or Non-Exclusive] advertising agency in the United States for Adertiser with respect to the products described in Section 2 Above.
代理商將是關(guān)于上述第二部分廣告商在美國的[獨(dú)家代理或非獨(dú)家代理]廣告機(jī)構(gòu)。
4.Compensation.
賠償金
A. Agency shall receive an amount equal to [Media Commission Rate] of the gross charges levied by media for advertising placed therewith by Agency pursuant to this Agreement; and [Non-Media Commission Rate] after volume discount, of the charges of suppliers of services or properties, such as
finished art, comprehensive layouts, type composition, photostats, engravings, printing, radio and television programs, talent, literary, dramatic and musical works, records and exhibits, purchased by Agency on Advertiser’s
authorization during the term of this Agreement; provided that:
代理商將根據(jù)此協(xié)議獲得等同于[媒體傭金費(fèi)率]的由代理商投放廣告媒體所征收的總費(fèi)用;并且在總量折扣之后獲得等同于[非媒體傭金費(fèi)率]的供應(yīng)商的服務(wù)或財(cái)產(chǎn)的費(fèi)用,如藝術(shù)品,總體設(shè)計(jì),字體組合,福圖斯斯文文仄直接影印本,版畫,印刷,廣播和電視節(jié)目,人才,文學(xué)作品,戲劇和音樂作品,唱片和展覽,由代理商根據(jù)廣告商的授權(quán)在此協(xié)議期限內(nèi)購買;只要:
(i) No percentage will be added to Agency charges for packing, shipping, express, postage, telephone, telex, fax, travel expenses and other out of pocket expenses of Agency personnel; and
沒有任何費(fèi)用加在代理商用于以下項(xiàng)目的費(fèi)用上:如包裝,運(yùn)輸,快遞,郵費(fèi),電話,電傳,傳真,旅行費(fèi)用和出于代理商人員的其它費(fèi)用;并且
(ii)Agency’s commisssion for outdoor advertising will be the standard rate allowed advertising agencies when such rate is less than
[Outdoor Advertising Commission Rate].