英語(yǔ)演講稿要求及范文
一、結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，邏輯明晰
由于公共演講一般受眾為數(shù)十人甚至數(shù)百、數(shù)千人，再加上演講環(huán)境的不確定性(比如：觀眾的歡呼，或者抱怨)，最好在進(jìn)入主題后馬上給出所講內(nèi)容的邏輯框架，以便聽(tīng)眾更好的預(yù)判整個(gè)演講內(nèi)容，有利于他們更好地跟隨演講者的思路，達(dá)到良好的演講效果。比如，喬布斯在該次演講中，開(kāi)篇稍微寒暄開(kāi)篇之后，就進(jìn)入正題，“Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.”學(xué)生們馬上能做出邏輯預(yù)判，我們今天會(huì)聽(tīng)到喬布斯談三點(diǎn)，然后具體關(guān)注是哪三點(diǎn)，這種演講就具備了“audience-centeredness”(以觀眾為中心)的特質(zhì)。喬布斯在隨后的演講中明確提到，“The first story is about connecting the dots. My second story is about love and loss. My third story is about death.”由于這種明晰的思路，聽(tīng)眾在聽(tīng)完之后也會(huì)記憶猶新，不會(huì)覺(jué)得頭腦混亂，毫無(wú)所得。
當(dāng)然，演講稿的邏輯安排有多種方式，喬布斯的這篇演講是按照topical order(話題順序)和chronological order(時(shí)間順序)來(lái)安排的。除此之外, 還有 spatial order(空間順序), problem-solutution order(提問(wèn)解決順序)等等。大家可以根據(jù)不同的演講內(nèi)容來(lái)安排自己演講稿的邏輯順序和結(jié)構(gòu)。
二、開(kāi)篇出彩，結(jié)尾有道
演講稿的開(kāi)篇和結(jié)尾往往需要花費(fèi)大量的功夫去設(shè)計(jì)，這往往是精彩演講的亮點(diǎn)所在。因此，在寫(xiě)作時(shí)，需要結(jié)合受眾、場(chǎng)合和演講內(nèi)容等，爭(zhēng)取一開(kāi)始就緊緊抓住聽(tīng)眾的注意力和興趣所在，結(jié)尾時(shí)，盡量做到意味深長(zhǎng)、啟發(fā)思考。下面，我將給大家具體分析基本的開(kāi)篇和結(jié)尾模式，供大家以后寫(xiě)作參考。
開(kāi)篇的目的是要吸引聽(tīng)眾，喬布斯在該篇演講稿中使用的是“relate the topic to the audience"(關(guān)聯(lián)話題與聽(tīng)眾)的方式，這是一種比較有效的方法，人們一般對(duì)自己的事情都很關(guān)注，和自己相關(guān)的事情也會(huì)格外留意，喬布斯在開(kāi)篇說(shuō)到，“I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, I never graduated from college. This is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation.”高度贊美斯坦福大學(xué)是最好的大學(xué)之一，就是在與聽(tīng)眾發(fā)生關(guān)聯(lián)，讓大家產(chǎn)生好感，當(dāng)然老喬還用了適當(dāng)?shù)挠哪玫厝谇⒘伺c聽(tīng)眾的關(guān)系，“簡(jiǎn)潔、有效”本就是喬布斯的演講風(fēng)格。除此之外，還有其他的一些開(kāi)篇方式，我們也需要了解和掌握。 1. State the importance of your topic(指出演講話題的重要性)。直接告訴聽(tīng)眾，你的演講重要在哪里。比如：今天要做的是一場(chǎng)“英語(yǔ)演講的藝術(shù)”的演講，那開(kāi)始就直接指出，該演講對(duì)于大家今后的學(xué)習(xí)工作將會(huì)有重大的幫助，甚至給出一些數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)例，讓聽(tīng)眾明白不聽(tīng)這個(gè)演講將會(huì)是我的損失。這樣，聽(tīng)眾就會(huì)很樂(lè)意投入到該次演講中去。2. Startle the audience (使聽(tīng)眾震驚)。例如：要做一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“生活方式與疾病”的演講，開(kāi)篇就可以給出一組極具沖擊力的數(shù)據(jù)，讓聽(tīng)眾看到生活方式的不健康將會(huì)是多么可怕的事情，這樣的震驚使聽(tīng)眾能夠快速調(diào)整狀態(tài)，投入到聽(tīng)演講中去。3. Arouse the curiosity of the audience(引起聽(tīng)眾的好奇心)4. Question the audience(向觀眾提問(wèn))。5. Begin with a quotation(以引用開(kāi)篇)。6. Tell a story (以故事開(kāi)篇)。這些基本開(kāi)篇的方式被無(wú)數(shù)的演講證明是實(shí)用而且有效的。
結(jié)尾往往可以起到“畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛”的作用，開(kāi)篇正文再好，如果結(jié)尾過(guò)于平淡，整個(gè)演講的精彩程度都會(huì)大打折扣。那么如何做到“結(jié)尾有道”呢?首先，我們來(lái)看看喬布斯的這篇演講稿，他的結(jié)尾比開(kāi)篇更加出彩，采用的是“end with a quotation”，達(dá)到的效果是特別引人深思。他在結(jié)尾說(shuō)道，“Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.”他不僅在結(jié)尾引用這句“Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish”(求知若渴，虛懷若谷)，而且重復(fù)三遍，強(qiáng)化聽(tīng)眾的印象，這句話也被廣泛傳播，被譽(yù)為該篇演講的“精髓”。
在結(jié)尾時(shí)，可以用結(jié)束信號(hào)詞讓聽(tīng)眾明白你要準(zhǔn)備結(jié)尾了，不要讓演講結(jié)束得太突兀，比如，“In conclusion", "Let me end my speech by saying...", "I'd like to close my speech this way."等。具體的結(jié)尾方式很多，常見(jiàn)的有：1. Summarize your speech(總結(jié)演講)。2. Make a dramatic statement(強(qiáng)有力的陳述)，這個(gè)不同于引用他人之言，往往是演講者自己的沉淀和吶喊，非常經(jīng)典的演講是Patrick Henry's legendary "Liberty or Death" oration. 他在結(jié)尾時(shí)說(shuō)道，"Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for mw, give me liberty, or give me death." 3. refer to the introduction(首尾呼應(yīng))。這是體現(xiàn)演講內(nèi)在統(tǒng)一的很經(jīng)典的形式，值得借鑒。
三、觀點(diǎn)闡釋?zhuān)行е?/strong>
毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，主體段的信息量最大，寫(xiě)作量也是最大，如何更清晰地闡釋演講者的觀點(diǎn)，有效支撐分論點(diǎn)，是寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)該把握的關(guān)鍵。在明晰了寫(xiě)作邏輯之后，就要圍繞這些邏輯要點(diǎn)來(lái)展開(kāi)論證。喬布斯在斯坦福大學(xué)的畢業(yè)演講中，邏輯要點(diǎn)有三：1. The first story is about connecting the dots. 2. My second story is about love and loss. 3. My third story is about death. 他在闡釋中主要運(yùn)用了以下手段。首先，舉例子。文中用了大量的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明他怎么對(duì)待學(xué)習(xí)、工作和死亡，比如他說(shuō)起自己決定輟學(xué)然后旁聽(tīng)有意思的課程，這些課當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)他沒(méi)什么實(shí)質(zhì)的幫助，但是十年后在當(dāng)他設(shè)計(jì)第一款Macintosh 電腦的時(shí)候，這些東西全派上了用場(chǎng)，這個(gè)例子充分說(shuō)明了他要講的第一個(gè)要點(diǎn)-- 串起生命中的點(diǎn)滴。在隨后的文中，喬布斯大量地講述了他事業(yè)生活中的例子，讓聽(tīng)眾感受到真實(shí)的力量和鼓舞。其次，引用。他除了在文章最后用到了引用，文中也不乏引用的痕跡，比如在講到死亡時(shí)，他引用了一句格言，“If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right.”這句話能表明他對(duì)于死亡的態(tài)度。恰到好處的引用往往能使聽(tīng)眾印象深刻。第三， 數(shù)據(jù)。在講第二個(gè)故事--關(guān)于愛(ài)和失去時(shí)，喬布斯用到了一系列數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)支撐觀點(diǎn)。他說(shuō)自己是幸運(yùn)的，因?yàn)椋?ldquo;Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30.”數(shù)據(jù)很直觀，能讓聽(tīng)眾有直接的認(rèn)識(shí)和理解。
除了以上提到的主體段展開(kāi)方式，還有一些常用的手段，比如：testimony(引證)，可以用專(zhuān)家的觀點(diǎn)增強(qiáng)演講的信度，也可以用普通人的一手經(jīng)驗(yàn)證明自己的觀點(diǎn)。另外，大家還需要了解的是，舉例分為簡(jiǎn)短的例子，具體深入的例子和假想的例子;數(shù)據(jù)包括單一數(shù)據(jù)，組合數(shù)據(jù)等等。
范文
Man’s life is a process of growing up, actually I’m standing here is a growth. If a person’s life must constituted by various choices, then I grow up along with these choices. Once I hope I can study in a college in future, however that’s passed, as you know I come here, now I wonder what the future holds for (= what will happen to) me.
When I come to this school, I told to myself: this my near future, all starts here. Following I will learn to become a man, a integrated man, who has a fine body, can take on important task, has independent thought, an open mind, intensive thought, has the ability to judge right and wrong, has a perfect job.
Once my teacher said :” you are not sewing, you are stylist; never forget which you should lay out to people is your thought, not craft.” I will put my personality with my interest and ability into my study, during these process I will combine learning with doing. If I can achieve this “future”, I think that I really grow up. And I deeply believe kindred, good-fellowship and love will perfection and happy in the future.
How to say future? Maybe it’s a nice wish. Lets make up our minds, stick to it and surely well enjoy our life.
中文翻譯：人的一生是一個(gè)成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程，事實(shí)上，我現(xiàn)在站在這里也是一次成長(zhǎng)。如果一個(gè)人的一生必須面臨不同的選擇，那我長(zhǎng)大伴隨著這些選擇。有一次，我希望我能在將來(lái)在大學(xué)，然而那是過(guò)去了，因?yàn)槟阒牢襾?lái)這里，現(xiàn)在我不知道將來(lái)如何為(=會(huì)發(fā)生什么)我。
當(dāng)我來(lái)到這所學(xué)校，我告訴我自己：我不久的將來(lái)都從這里開(kāi)始。以下我將學(xué)習(xí)如何成為一個(gè)男人，一個(gè)正直的人，誰(shuí)擁有一個(gè)健康的體魄，能承擔(dān)重要的任務(wù)，能獨(dú)立思考，思想開(kāi)放，心思縝密，有判斷是非，有一個(gè)完美的工作能力。
我的老師曾經(jīng)說(shuō)：“你是不是縫紉，你是設(shè)計(jì)師;永遠(yuǎn)不要忘記你所能展示給人們是你的思想，不是你的手藝。“我會(huì)將我的性格，興趣和能力，成為我的研究，在這過(guò)程中，我將結(jié)合學(xué)習(xí)與做。如果我能實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)“未來(lái)”，我覺(jué)得我真的長(zhǎng)大了。我深信我的親人，好友情，愛(ài)情將會(huì)完善和快樂(lè)的未來(lái)。
怎么說(shuō)未來(lái)呢?也許這是一個(gè)美好的愿望。讓我們下定決心，堅(jiān)持到底，那真正的享受我們的生活。