初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿（精選14篇）
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇1
Stepping into the new century environment pollution has become more serious than ever since. There are different kinds of pollution. Such as water pollution air pollution and noise pollution and so on. It seems that we live on a planet which is full of pollution. where all these pollution comes from? To a large extend the environmental destruction is the heavy price that we pay for the rapid development of economy and the growing population. In order to have more fuel people cut down trees and dig more corals. But the growing needs for energy are hardly to meet. Countless private cars on the street the gas stations are short of gasoline even the government has raise the price so many times in order to control the needs of gasoline but it’s still not working. Overusing the natural resources has already affected the ecological balance. However the factories still release the toxic air into the sky and the polluted water into the rivers. People still lack of the conscious of protecting the environment. I think it’s time for all of us to do something.
進入新世界以來，環(huán)境污染比任何時候都要嚴峻。有各式各樣的污染：水污染，空氣污染，噪音污染等等�？雌饋砦覀兓钪粋�四周都是污染源的星球。那么，這些污染是從何而來的呢?在很大程度上，環(huán)境被破壞就是我們?yōu)榭焖俚慕?jīng)濟增長和人口增加所付出的慘烈代價。為了得到更多的能源，人們砍伐樹木，挖更多的煤礦，但是還是難以維持日益增長的需求。不計其數(shù)的私家車充斥著公路，加油站的汽油嚴重短缺，政府多次上調油價也未能阻止私家車對汽油的需求。自然資源的過度利用已經(jīng)影響到了生態(tài)平衡。然而，工廠依舊向外排放有毒氣體，把工業(yè)廢水倒入河里。人們依舊缺乏保護環(huán)境的意識。我認為人們應該做些事情了。
The government should put forward some more strict laws to prevent the environment from being further polluted. And they should let people know more about the importance of environment protection. And we should find the balance between the economic growth and environmental protection. Plant more trees in the deserts and stop cutting down the forest. Forbid the factories to pour the waste water into the rivers directly. Encourage people to use public transportations to work. Both government and ordinary people should join hands together to make our home clean and fresh again. Only in this way our earth could be a better place to live in.
政府應該施行一些更為嚴格的法律來防止環(huán)境被進一步的破壞掉。他們應該讓人們了解到保護環(huán)境的重要性。我們要在保持經(jīng)濟發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護中找到平衡點。在沙漠中植樹造林，停止砍伐森林。禁止工廠往河流里直接排放廢水。鼓勵人們用交通工具上班。政府和普通民眾都應該攜手保護環(huán)境，讓我們的家園變得干凈整潔。只有這樣，我們的地球才能更適合人類居住。
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇2
On a Saturday morning. I went to have breakfast. I felt there was a terrible smell and went over to have a look carefully. I found that there was a big pile of banana skins giving out the smell.Just then a young fellow holding a dustpan rubbish to walk towards here . He raised his hands, The big pile of rubbish was here. At once I went to him and said “Uncle , you can’t do like this . These things will rot very soon. It’s bad for our health and make the people fall ill.” However ,the man said “Everyone does so ,who falls ill,who will see the doctor.”
Looking at this , I remembered another act : There is a stream through our village. Over it there are two bridges .At the age of seven years old , I enjoyed the beautiful scenery under the bridge very much. It was the best place to swim in summer. But now the rubbish was getting more and more .Dish leaves,fruit skins,dead ducks and chickens….after rotting ,not only the mosquitos flew around but also the bad smell made everyone feel quite terrible.Though the stream was cleaned up several times, it’s still happening now. A lot of plastic bags always float on it .In summmer we have to go far away from the village to swim.
What causes this? Who is the devil?It’s the human ourselves. I have got to known from a book .The rubbish in the countryside mostly occupies the fields and damages the earth’s surface .It pollutes soil,wave ,atmosphere and damages our health. The adults often say “The body is capital.” But why are they able to make woollen cloth like this ? Does it affect everybody’s safe and sound life ?
Schoolmates, we are the host of society tomorrow . It’s our duty to improve and build the safe invironment.
Safety is in our hands .We must take park in more environmental protection activities, Plant more trees and flowers to make us live in a beautiful home with the blue sky ,blue water and green land forever.
Safety is in our hands . Please try your best to tell people around you to deal with the rubbish , and to make a contribution to building our safe hometome .
在一個星期六的早上。我去吃早餐。我感到有一股難聞的氣味，走過去仔細看看。我發(fā)現(xiàn)香蕉皮發(fā)出的氣味一大堆。這時，一個年輕人拿著簸箕垃圾走到這里。他舉起雙手，垃圾堆在這里。我立刻去對他說：“叔叔，你不能這樣做。這些事情會很快腐爛。這對我們的健康是壞的，使人們生病。”不過，他說，“每個人都這么做，誰生病了，誰會去看醫(yī)生。”
看這個，我記得還有一幕：有在我們村里流。它有兩座橋。七歲的時候，我喜歡美麗的風景橋下很。它是在夏天游泳最好的地方。但現(xiàn)在垃圾越來越多。菜葉子，果實皮，爛后死亡鴨和雞的…，不僅蚊子到處亂飛，而且每個人都難聞的氣味很可怕。雖然流清洗幾次，它仍然發(fā)生了。很多塑料袋總是浮在上面的。夏天我們要去遠離鄉(xiāng)村游。
這是什么原因造成的?誰是魔鬼?這是人類自己。我要知道從一本書。在農(nóng)村，大多處在域和損害地球表面的垃圾。它污染土壤，大氣波，并損害我們的健康。人們常說“身體是本錢。”但是他們?yōu)槭裁茨苓@樣呢?它影響到每個人的安全和健康的生活嗎?
同學們，我們是社會的主人的明天。這是構建完善的安全環(huán)境是我們的責任。
安全掌握在我們手中。我們必須參加更多的環(huán)保活動，種植更多的樹木和鮮花，讓我們生活在藍天一所漂亮的房子，藍水，綠色的土地永遠。
安全是我們的手。請盡力告訴你周圍的人來處理垃圾，并使我們構建安全的家鄉(xiāng)貢獻。
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇3
Chinahas a very long and brilliant history whose people are so friendly and hospitable. But I am wondering why some people pay such little attention to the environment and nature. In many places of the countryside rivers have become stinking sewers and brooks have disappeared. Heaps of garbage obstructs the scarce flow of dirty water. The grounds are littered with plastic bottles and bags. People are cutting down trees even though it is illegal. In some towns rubbish is hidden behind walls. Garbage cans are often of little use making cleaners must rush all day long and also by night to clean the rubbish.
中國有著悠久輝煌的歷史，人民十分友善好客。但是我很好奇為什么有些人對自然和環(huán)境那么不在乎。在鄉(xiāng)下的很多地方，河流已經(jīng)變成臭哄哄的下水道，小溪也消失了。成堆的垃圾阻礙了污水難得的流動，地面上到處是丟棄的塑料瓶和塑料袋。盡管亂砍濫伐是違法的人們還是砍倒樹木。在一些鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)，垃圾就隱藏在墻后面。垃圾箱基本上沒起到作用，使得清潔工人必須整天日日夜夜來回清理垃圾。
This lack of consideration for nature in general is extremely detrimental to children’s education toChina’s image to public health to tourism and to the future.Chinais the common treasure of all Chinese and we should live up to be a member of this big family a descendant of 5000-year-plus ancient civilized country. I think the environment must absolutely be strictly protected by all means. This protection should go at the same pace as the marvelous development of the nation.
這種缺乏考慮大自然的行為一般都會對孩子的教育，對中國的形象，對公眾的健康，對游客以及對未來很不利。中國是所有中國人共有的寶貴財富，我們必須成為這個大家庭中合格的一員，成為5020xx年古老文明的國家的子孫。我認為必須想方設法嚴格的保護環(huán)境，這種保護應該與國家的快速發(fā)展的步伐相一致。
In this respectGermanyis a rare model and leaves me a very deep impression. After you have an exciting tour around in this country for a week or so it is unnecessary for you to polish your leather shoes. Personally first of all the strong awareness of people’s environmental protection; then the advanced technology applied in the field of preserving the nature; We can learn form others in building China into one of the most environmentally friendly places in the world.
在這一方面德國是少有的模范，給我留下了深刻的印象。當你環(huán)游這個國家大約一周之后，你沒有必要去擦你的皮鞋。在我看來，首先是因為那里的人們保護環(huán)境的意識非常強;其次，在保護大自然這一領域應用的技術十分先進。我們可以向別人學習，把中國建設成世界上最環(huán)保最友好的國家。
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇4
Hello:
everyone!Now I want to talk about a beatiful world!
When I was young,I always dreamed that I lived in a beautiful country. There were many flowers and trees around our city.We counld hear the birds singing and see the children dancing. The streets were clear and the the air was very fresh! How nice it was!But that only was a dream of mine!How I wish that it would be come true! So I think we should do something to protect our environment. Everyone should make a contribution to protect the environment.
Taking care of our environment is very important.Wherever you live,you can do something around your neighbourhood.
Have you ever thrown any litter onto the ground?Have you ever drawn pictures on public walls?Have you ever spat in a public place?Have you ever cut down trees?If your answers are "No",it means that you have already helped protect our environment.
It is our duty to keep our envionment clean and tidy. You might ask yourself,"Have I ever picked up some rubbish and thrown it into a dustbin?Have I ever collected waste paper or bottles for recycling?Have I ever planted any trees or flowers in or near my neighbourhood?"If your answers are"Yes",it means that you have already done something useful to improve the environment.
Now I want to say :Let's do our best to make our world more beautiful!
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇5
Hello:
everyone!Now I want to talk about a beatiful world!
When I was young,I always dreamed that I lived in a beautiful country. There were many flowers and trees around our city.We counld hear the birds singing and see the children dancing. The streets were clear and the the air was very fresh! How nice it was!But that only was a dream of mine!How I wish that it would be come true! So I think we should do something to protect our environment. Everyone should make a contribution to protect the environment.
Taking care of our environment is very important.Wherever you live,you can do something around your neighbourhood.
Have you ever thrown any litter onto the ground?Have you ever drawn pictures on public walls?Have you ever spat in a public place?Have you ever cut down trees?If your answers are "No",it means that you have already helped protect our environment.
It is our duty to keep our envionment clean and tidy. You might ask yourself,"Have I ever picked up some rubbish and thrown it into a dustbin?Have I ever collected waste paper or bottles for recycling?Have I ever planted any trees or flowers in or near my neighbourhood?"If your answers are"Yes",it means that you have already done something useful to improve the environment.
Now I want to say :Let's do our best to make our world more beautiful!
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇6
Environment - how can we help protect it?
Our planet is in trouble!Almost every day we seem to hear of yet another problem affecting the environment - and what a list of problems!- pollution,acid rain,global warming,the destruction of rainforests and other wild habitats,the decline and extinction of thousands of species of animals and plants.and so on.
Nowadays,most of us know that these threats exist and that humans have caused them.Many of us are very worried about the future of our planet and unless we can find a way of solving the problems we have made then the environment will suffer even more.
It all sounds so depressing - but we certainly mustn't despair!Every one of us,whatever age we are,can do something to help slow down and reverse some of the damage.We cannot leave the problem-solving entirely to the experts - we all have a responsibility for our environment.We must learn to live in a sustainable way i.e.learn to use our natural resources which include air,freshwater,forests,wildlife,farmland and seas without damaging them.As populations expand and lifestyles change,we must keep the World in good condition so that future generations will have the same natural resources that we have.
Here are just a few ideas to help you to do something to protect our environment.
.plant more trees;
.saving energy and water;
.minimise waste;
.use as much public transport as you can;
.protect wild animals.
【參考譯文】
環(huán)境-我們如何才能幫助保護它?
我們的星球陷入困境!幾乎每天我們都會聽到另一個影響環(huán)境的問題-以及一系列問題!污染，酸雨，全球變暖，熱帶雨林和其他野生動物棲息地的破壞，減少對動物和植物物種滅絕等數(shù)千。
如今，我們大多數(shù)人都知道，這些威脅存在，人類已經(jīng)造成他們，我們很多人都非常擔心我們的星球的未來，除非我們能夠找到一種方法來解決我們所做的問題，那么環(huán)境將遭受更多。
這一切聽起來如此沮喪-但我們一定不能絕望!我們每一個人，不論年齡的我們，可以做些什么來幫助減緩和扭轉一些損害。我們不能把問題的解決完全的專家-我們都對我們的環(huán)境有責任。我們必須學會生活在一個可持續(xù)的方式，即使用我們的自然資源，其中包括空氣、淡水、森林、野生動物、農(nóng)田里毫無損傷。隨著人口增加和生活方式的改變，我們必須保持在良好的狀態(tài)下的世界讓下一代有相同的自然資源，我們有。
這里有一些想法，幫助你做一些事情來保護我們的環(huán)境。
種植更多的樹;
節(jié)約能源和水;
盡量減少浪費;
盡可能多地使用公共交通工具;
保護野生動物。
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇7
Im worried about my country.There is polution everywhere.Its time to do something about it.
We need fresh air to breathe.We need pure water to drink.We need a clean environment to be healthy.
People have to stop littering.We have to respect our surroundings.We must become friends of the earth.
First,everyone must get involved.Everyone must lend a hand.Together we can clean up our neiborhoods.
Second,we can practice conservation.We can reduce waste and reuse things.We can recycle paper,bottles,and plastic.
Third,we can put up more Dont litter signs.We can trashcans on every corner.We can pick up garbage when we see it.
We must take action to fight pollution.Its our future were protecting.Its our duty to keep our planet clean.
So,please dont pollute.Dont be a litterbug.Dont be afraid to remind others,too.
Lets protect natures beauty.Lets make our future bright.Lets start to clean up now.
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇8
We have only one earth. But now,the environment becomes worse and worse.
As you know,there's no enough clean water for people. So many of them lose their lives because of water. In a lot of countries, people have to cut trees for living. So there's nothing to keep water from running away. Also we have polluted the land, the river and the air. So we have to face more and more floods and droughts .
It's time that we must do something useful to protect our environment. We can plant trees and take good care of them. We can save the water and ask our parents to do so. We can't throw any litter onto the ground and we should collect them for recycling.
If we take good care of our earth today,it will be more beautiful tomorrow.
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇9
Honorable judges, ladies and gentlemen. Today，we are gathering here to discuss a very hot issue. how to find harmony in a new age between man and nature? Where modern science and technology are concerned I am only a layman I have to say. However, living in this "new age" , seeing my dear ones suffering from respiratory diseases from time to time, finding the beautiful colors of green and blue are being replaced by that of gray and pale, and realizing that our mother planet is getting more and more unhealthy; I can't help trying to offer my idea and my trivial efforts to look for the answer of the question.
As the ancient Greek oracle goes: know thyself. I think in answering this above-mentioned question, this precondition is also very important.
Who are we? This is a question, which should be answered not only by those specialists, but also by every one of human beings.
Some people may proudly say: we are the masters of nature. It is true that the idea of "man can conquer nature" has dominated people's mind for years, and it is true, man has kept acting like a master and doing whatever things he wants for thousands of years. However, as the consequence of this kind of "leadership" , now the "master" seems to be confronted with problems that are far beyond his control. Facts are really very ample. The
green house effect leaves islands and cities along the coast, such as this oriental pearl-Shanghai, in danger of the disaster of being drowned; the holes of the ozone layer make the earth less suitable to live for some creatures including human beings; the phenomena of EL Nino and La Nina leave the land with serious flood and drought, and the diseases, caused by pollution, are increasing at an incredible speed... Seeing all these facts, can we still ignore the counterattack of nature? We are not the masters of nature. Facing all the disasters made by ourselves, we, mankind as a whole should realize that we are just a normal member of the big family of nature. Any mistreatment towards nature will meet only with the revenge from her.
By saying so, I do not mean we should give a sudden stop to any development. Because that will result in a threat to the existence of human society. I mean we should treat nature equally, leaving the chance of existence and development to nature as we are obtaining the same thing, and thus we will get the situation of win-win.
I am very pleased to find that now more and more people, from every corner of the planet, have come to realize that harmony with nature is the only way to universal and continuous progress and prosperity. And I think that is why we come here from all over the country to discuss this topic today.
I want to end my speech by quoting from Mr. Nixon. "Our destiny offers, not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity." The future is not ours to see of course. However, by seizing firmly the opportunities, by knowing clearly about ourselves, we, human beings, can doubtlessly achieve the real harmony with nature!
Thank you.
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇10
Hello:
everyone!Now I want to talk about a beatiful world!
When I was young,I always dreamed that I lived in a beautiful country. There were many flowers and trees around our city.We counld hear the birds singing and see the children dancing. The streets were clear and the the air was very fresh! How nice it was!But that only was a dream of mine!How I wish that it would be come true! So I think we should do something to protect our environment. Everyone should make a contribution to protect the environment.
Taking care of our environment is very important.Wherever you live,you can do something around your neighbourhood.
Have you ever thrown any litter onto the ground?Have you ever drawn pictures on public walls?Have you ever spat in a public place?Have you ever cut down trees?If your answers are "No",it means that you have already helped protect our environment.
It is our duty to keep our envionment clean and tidy. You might ask yourself,"Have I ever picked up some rubbish and thrown it into a dustbin?Have I ever collected waste paper or bottles for recycling?Have I ever planted any trees or flowers in or near my neighbourhood?"If your answers are"Yes",it means that you have already done something useful to improve the environment.
Now I want to say :Let's do our best to make our world more beautiful!
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇11
It's my great honor to be invited here to give a speech on environment.As we all know the environment is very important to us. Because it has a great effect on us.So we should protect our environment .
In fact ,we can do many things to improve environment such as planting trees, collecting waste paper, write to the local newspapers to remind everybody to take care of it.The most important thing is,I think ,to let everybody know its importance and everybody should make a contribution to it .
As long as we try, we can make it. We strongly believe that we can do it !
Let’s do it together!
我很榮幸被邀請來做一場環(huán)境正如我們所知道的環(huán)境對我們來說很重要。因為它有一個很大的影響我們. 所以我們應該保護我們的環(huán)境。
事實上,我們可以做許多事來改善環(huán)境,例如植樹,收集廢紙、寫信給當?shù)貓蠹垇硖嵝汛蠹襾碚疹櫵钪匾氖?我認為,讓每個人都知道它的重要性,每個人都應該作出貢獻。
只要我們努力,我們一定能成功。我們堅信我們能做到!
讓我們一起做它!
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇12
On a Saturday morning. I went to have breakfast. I felt there was a terrible smell and went over to have a look carefully. I found that there was a big pile of banana skins giving out the smell.Just then a young fellow holding a dustpan rubbish to walk towards here . He raised his hands, The big pile of rubbish was here. At once I went to him and said “Uncle , you can’t do like this . These things will rot very soon. It’s bad for our health and make the people fall ill.” However ,the man said “Everyone does so ,who falls ill,who will see the doctor.”
Looking at this , I remembered another act : There is a stream through our village. Over it there are two bridges .At the age of seven years old , I enjoyed the beautiful scenery under the bridge very much. It was the best place to swim in summer. But now the rubbish was getting more and more .Dish leaves,fruit skins,dead ducks and chickens….after rotting ,not only the mosquitos flew around but also the bad smell made everyone feel quite terrible.Though the stream was cleaned up several times, it’s still happening now. A lot of plastic bags always float on it .In summmer we have to go far away from the village to swim.
What causes this? Who is the devil?It’s the human ourselves. I have got to known from a book .The rubbish in the countryside mostly occupies the fields and damages the earth’s surface .It pollutes soil,wave ,atmosphere and damages our health. The adults often say “The body is capital.” But why are they able to make woollen cloth like this ? Does it affect everybody’s safe and sound life ?
Schoolmates, we are the host of society tomorrow . It’s our duty to improve and build the safe invironment.
Safety is in our hands .We must take park in more environmental protection activities, Plant more trees and flowers to make us live in a beautiful home with the blue sky ,blue water and green land forever.
Safety is in our hands . Please try your best to tell people around you to deal with the rubbish , and to make a contribution to building our safe hometome .
在一個星期六的早上。我去吃早餐。我感到有一股難聞的氣味，走過去仔細看看。我發(fā)現(xiàn)香蕉皮發(fā)出的氣味一大堆。這時，一個年輕人拿著簸箕垃圾走到這里。他舉起雙手，垃圾堆在這里。我立刻去對他說：“叔叔，你不能這樣做。這些事情會很快腐爛。這對我們的健康是壞的，使人們生病。”不過，他說，“每個人都這么做，誰生病了，誰會去看醫(yī)生。”
看這個，我記得還有一幕：有在我們村里流。它有兩座橋。七歲的時候，我喜歡美麗的風景橋下很。它是在夏天游泳最好的地方。但現(xiàn)在垃圾越來越多。菜葉子，果實皮，爛后死亡鴨和雞的…，不僅蚊子到處亂飛，而且每個人都難聞的氣味很可怕。雖然流清洗幾次，它仍然發(fā)生了。很多塑料袋總是浮在上面的。夏天我們要去遠離鄉(xiāng)村游。
這是什么原因造成的?誰是魔鬼?這是人類自己。我要知道從一本書。在農(nóng)村，大多處在域和損害地球表面的垃圾。它污染土壤，大氣波，并損害我們的健康。人們常說“身體是本錢。”但是他們?yōu)槭裁茨苓@樣呢?它影響到每個人的安全和健康的生活嗎?
同學們，我們是社會的主人的明天。這是構建完善的安全環(huán)境是我們的責任。
安全掌握在我們手中。我們必須參加更多的環(huán)保活動，種植更多的樹木和鮮花，讓我們生活在藍天一所漂亮的房子，藍水，綠色的土地永遠。
安全是我們的手。請盡力告訴你周圍的人來處理垃圾，并使我們構建安全的家鄉(xiāng)貢獻。
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇13
Water is the source of life
Earth looks like a big blue marble; from high above the Earth and from the moon, the planet gleams and shines. The blue water in the oceans and seas of the Earth makes a dramatic image.Water is the source of this beauty and the source of life on Earth. It is the reason people can live on this planet. Water is everywhere. Water is in rock deep under the ground, in natural holding areas.In a real sense, water keeps Earth alive. The last drop of water will be the world's human tears. We Chinese are one of the 12 water-poor countries, as people waste, water less and less. However, there are many waste of water, for example: some of the children bought water gun filled with water shooting water everywhere; there are some students hand-washing after washing bowls, or not turn off the faucet, waste a lot of water... .... Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, where the recent prolonged drought, making survival of the population there is facing a serious threat to address this problem, we in China 1.3 billion to develop awareness of water conservation. Therefore, I appeal to you here: "Take action at water saving
Stop earth mother from crying!
地球看上去就像一個巨大的藍色玻璃球, 從高高的地球上空或從月球上望去，這顆行星熠熠生輝，閃閃發(fā)光。
地球上大洋大海里的蔚藍色的水構成了一幅激動人心的圖畫。 水是地球上的美麗之源、生命之源。 水是人們能在這顆行星上生存的根本。 到處都有水。
水深藏于地底下的巖層里、在天然蓄水區(qū)里. 從真正的意思上說，是水維持著地球的生命。
世界的最后一滴水將是人類的眼淚。我們中國是12個貧水國之一，由于人們的浪費，水源越來越少了。
但是生活中還有許多浪費水的現(xiàn)象，比如;有些小朋友買來水槍到處射水，還有一些學生洗完碗或洗完手，都不關水龍頭，浪費了許多水……最近云南貴州高原那里長時間持續(xù)干旱，使那里居民生存面臨著嚴重威脅，針對這個問題，我們中國13億要養(yǎng)成節(jié)約用水的意識。 因此，我現(xiàn)在向大家呼吁：‘‘珍惜每一滴水，讓地球媽媽不再哭泣。
初中保護環(huán)境英語演講稿 篇14
We have only one earth. But now,the environment becomes worse and worse.
As you know,there's no enough clean water for people. So many of them lose their lives because of water. In a lot of countries, people have to cut trees for living. So there's nothing to keep water from running away. Also we have polluted the land, the river and the air. So we have to face more and more floods and droughts .
It's time that we must do something useful to protect our environment. We can plant trees and take good care of them. We can save the water and ask our parents to do so. We can't throw any litter onto the ground and we should collect them for recycling.
If we take good care of our earth today,it will be more beautiful tomorrow.