英語：高考寫作如何布局
一. 教學(xué)內(nèi)容：
書面表達講解與訓(xùn)練
1. 如何謀篇布局——寫好篇章結(jié)構(gòu)
2. 學(xué)習(xí)連接詞——把握連接上下文的關(guān)鍵
�。ㄒ唬⿲懽骰A(chǔ)講解與練習(xí)：
掌握如何寫好篇章的技巧：
1. 注意篇章結(jié)構(gòu)，合理布局
開始部分（opening paragraph ）----說出文中的要點、核心問題。
正文部分 (body paragraphs) ---- 圍繞主題開展敘述、討論。
結(jié)尾部分 （concluding paragraph）----對全文的總結(jié)和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之間必須是有機地聯(lián)系，內(nèi)容完整、連貫。前后呼應(yīng)，去除與主題無關(guān)的內(nèi)容。
2. 確定主題句
主題句是對全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“畫龍點睛”的作用。通常主題句出現(xiàn)在一篇文章的開頭，而后，全文對主題句所提出的內(nèi)容進行解釋，擴展。
寫主題句應(yīng)注意以下幾點：
�。�1）歸納出你要寫的文章的幾個要點
�。�2）提煉出一句具有概括性的話
�。�3）主題句應(yīng)具有可讀性，抓住、吸引讀者。
下面我們通過例子來學(xué)習(xí)、體會“主題句”
范例1：
something unpleasant happened to us on our way to the beach.
in the morning, while we were waiting to buy train tickets in the railway station, a bus driver came over to us. he told us he also was going to the beach, the ride was cheap, and the bus was air-conditioned. we felt grateful and got on his bus. as we were talking happily on the way, the bus suddenly stopped. the driver said he needed two hours to repair the engine. while he was working on the engine, he turned off the air-conditioner. he actually took four hours to finish his job, and we spent the whole morning sweating in the heat!
范例2：
i am an active boy and i talk more than listen. when i talk with my friends, i’m always ready to express myself. i’m not afraid to tell others what i think. i am usually the focus of the attention because i often have lots of ideas that interest everyone. in my opinion, people should share and exchange each other’s ideas. but when i am with the quiet people i feel the air is frozen. i’m always trying to find a topic and start a conversation. in this way, people will like me and feel happy.
in a word, i am optimistic and active and i can make everybody as confident as me.
范例3：
根據(jù)下面表格以“changes in people’s diet ”為題寫一篇短文。
審題列提綱：
�。�1）state the changes in people’s diet in the past five years;
（2）give possible reasons for the changes;
�。�3）draw your own conclusions.
diet is very important in people’s life. from 1986 to 1990, people’s diet changed a lot. grain was no longer regarded as the main food. and as the proportion(比例) of fruit and vegetable declined, the consumption of milk and meat increased.
what caused these changes? there are two reasons. one is that with the development of science, people began to realize the importance of maintaining a balanced diet. the other is that people had more money to spend and could afford more expensive food. they tried to change their low-priced diet into a more varied one. they were eager to build up a strong body by improving their living standards.
with the development of our economy and improvement of our food supply, further changes will take place in people’s diet.
看高考題體會主題句及篇章布局：
98年高考學(xué)生范文
i had been looking forward to today for long! seven in the morning we gathered at our school gate, and then, we six-grade students of no.1 middle school went to red star farm for a visit. on arriving there, we were welcomed warmly by the guard and several farmers. then the guard showed us around the whole farm. we were all struck by the sight of hard working. in the noon we had a wonderful picnic on the grass. we were so glad that after lunch we turned on the radio carried by mingming. most of us danced to music happily, while others also enjoyed themselves talking together. four in the afternoon, we said goodbye to the guard and all the farmers. what a nice day!
本篇文章思路清晰，要點明確，前后呼應(yīng)，加強了文章的整體性。
高考書面表達參考答案：
today we visited a farm. early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together. the farm workers gave us a warm welcome. then the head of the farm showed us around. how glad we were to see the crops and vegetables growing well. at noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. after a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes or stories. two of us even played a game of chess. the time passed quickly. before we knew it, we had to say goodbye to the workers.
�。ǘ⿲W(xué)習(xí)連接詞---把握連接上下文的關(guān)鍵
要想使文章有整體性、連貫性，就要學(xué)會正確使用連接詞
下面請你認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)并學(xué)會運用下列常見連接詞
i表示羅列增加
first, second, third,
first, then/next, after that/ next, finally
for one thing…for another…,
on (the)one hand…on the other hand,
besides / what’s more/ in addition / furthermore/ moreover /another/ also,
especially/ in particular,
i表示時間順序
now, at present, recently,
after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,
at first, in the beginning, to begin with,
later, next, finally,
immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment , as soon as, the moment
from now on, from then on,
at the same time, meanwhile,
till, not...until, before, after, when , while, as, during,
i表示解釋說明
now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover
furthermore, in fact, actually
i表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系
but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except(for), instead, of course, after all,
i表示并列關(guān)系
or, and, also, too, not only... but also, as well as, both... and, either ...or, neither...nor
i表示因果關(guān)系
because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to..., due to..., therefore, as a result(of), otherwise, so… that, such… that
i表示條件關(guān)系
as (so)long as, on condition that, if, unless
i表示讓步關(guān)系
though, although, as, even if, even though, whether ...or..., however, whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when, whom)
i表示舉例
for example, for instance, such as..., take... for example
i表示比較
be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with(to)... just like,
just as,
i表示目的
for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to , so as to,
i表示強調(diào)
indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly,
obviously, above all,
i表示概括歸納
in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion,
as far as i know, as we all know, as has been stated，as i have shown,
finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion,
看高考題體會連接詞的運用：
高考試題
dear dick,
how nice to hear from you again. you want to know what is going on in schools in china? in short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. i don’t know about others, but i used to have work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. now i have more free time. i can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and taking computer lessons. in the evenings i can watch news on tv or read newspapers. what’s more, i can go to bed earlier. as far as i know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.
best wishes,
li hua
用所給的詞完成下面短文：
hfinally, then, at first, after that
i had a bad cold last week. __________, i had a running nose, but i did not take it seriously. ________i began to cough. ________, i had a fever and felt weak. ___________, i was sent to hospital and had to lie in bed for three days.
答案： at first, then, after that, finally
hand , but, finally, immediately, now, at first, one day, then, so,
the naughty boy in the story “the boy who cried wolf” has grown up. _______he works as a weatherman in his village. _________he studied the weather carefully _______found that a storm was coming. ____________, he told all the villagers to prepare for the bad weather, ______ no one believed him. __________, the weather was fine, ________ the villagers said that the young man was lying again. ________the weather suddenly changed ________a storm wind came. all the villagers tried to save the crops _______ it was too late. _________, the storm ruined all the crops.
答案：now, one day, and, immediately, but, at first, so, then, and, but, finally
ibut, moreover, of course, for one thing, in addition, however, first, furthermore, then, second
foreign cars are often more expensive to own in the united states than american-made cars. ___________, foreign cars cost more to buy. _________, there are reasons for this. the quality of workmanship that goes into making them is very high. _______, high tariffs（關(guān)稅）on many foreign models have raised prices. ___________, foreign cars often cost more to register. _________, insurance rates can be higher. _________, parts and repair costs are much greater than they are for american cars. _________, there are some financial advantages to owning a foreign cars. ______, many of them get better gas mileage, and they need new tires less often than american cars do. _____, their resale value is higher. the price of a year-old foreign car may be only $300 less than what it cost new. ______ the price for a year-old american car will be around $1,000 less.
答案：
foreign cars are often more expensive to own in the united states than american-made cars. for one thing, foreign cars cost more to buy. of course, there are reasons for this. the quality of workmanship that goes into making them is very high. then, high tariffs(關(guān)稅) on many foreign models have raised prices. furthermore, foreign cars often cost more to register. in addition, insurance rates can be higher. moreover, parts and repair costs are much greater than they are for american cars. however, there are some financial advantages to owning foreign cars. first, many of them get better gas mileage, and they need new tires less often than american cars do. second, their resale value is higher. the price of a year-old foreign car may be only $300 less than what it cost new. but the price for a year-old american car will be around $1,000 less.