2006年文都考研英語(yǔ)小作文寫(xiě)作預(yù)測(cè)及技巧
2006年文都考研英語(yǔ)小作文寫(xiě)作預(yù)測(cè)及技巧注意:每種功能只記幾種例句即可。
一、要求：考生根據(jù)所給情景寫(xiě)出一篇約100詞（標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)不計(jì)算在內(nèi)）的應(yīng)用性短文，包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、摘要、報(bào)告等�？忌诖痤}卡2上作答。滿分10分。
注意事項(xiàng)：
1）格式：稱呼，結(jié)尾，署名
2）簡(jiǎn)明扼要，清楚明確。
3）遵照要求，內(nèi)容齊全。
4）言語(yǔ)得體，真心誠(chéng)意。
二、備忘錄
備忘錄是一種錄以備忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等級(jí)是比較低的，主要用來(lái)提醒、督促對(duì)方，或就某個(gè)問(wèn)題提出自己的意見(jiàn)或看法。在業(yè)務(wù)上，它一般用來(lái)補(bǔ)充正式文件的不足。它的內(nèi)容可以分為以下幾項(xiàng)：
書(shū)端（Heading）
收文人的姓名、頭銜、地址（Addressee＇s Name, Title, Address）
稱呼(Salutation)
事因(Subject)
正文（Body）
結(jié)束語(yǔ)（Complimentary Close）
署名（Signature）
寫(xiě)作注意事項(xiàng)
1、書(shū)端部分包括發(fā)文機(jī)關(guān)的名稱、地址、發(fā)文日期，有的還包括電報(bào)掛號(hào)、電傳號(hào)、電話號(hào)碼等。許多機(jī)關(guān)有自己特制的信箋，在寫(xiě)書(shū)端時(shí)，其格式和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的使用與一般信件的相同。
2、稱呼從左邊頂格寫(xiě)起，對(duì)一般機(jī)關(guān)、團(tuán)體的負(fù)責(zé)人一般用 Dear Sir，對(duì)政府官員可用Sir。
3、正文、結(jié)束語(yǔ)和署名等項(xiàng)與一般信件的格式相同。“事因”一項(xiàng)目前采用得較少。
范文
Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.
MEMO
August 16, 2005
To: The leader of student service department
From: Li Ming
Subject: Telephone
Dear Sir,
I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.
We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.
Regards.
Yours,
Li Ming
三、摘要
文章摘要是對(duì)所寫(xiě)文章主要內(nèi)容的精煉概括。美國(guó)人稱摘要為“Abstract”，而英國(guó)人則喜歡稱其為“Summary”。
通常國(guó)際刊物要求所要刊登的文章字?jǐn)?shù)，包括摘要部分不超過(guò)1萬(wàn)字。而對(duì)文章摘要部分的字?jǐn)?shù)要求則更少。因此寫(xiě)摘要時(shí)，應(yīng)用最為簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)論文之精華。論文摘要的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在所研究的成果和結(jié)論上。
國(guó)際會(huì)議要求的論文摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)不等，一般為200字-500字。而國(guó)際刊物要求所刊登的論文摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，內(nèi)容上涵蓋全文，并直接點(diǎn)明全旨。語(yǔ)言上要求盡量簡(jiǎn)煉。摘要通常多采用第三人稱撰寫(xiě)。
科學(xué)書(shū)籍、論文和學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告一般都附有內(nèi)容摘要，這樣可以節(jié)省讀者的時(shí)間，使他們不必讀完整個(gè)文章就能夠了解它的主要內(nèi)容。書(shū)籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；論文和學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要應(yīng)做到簡(jiǎn)明扼要，切題，能獨(dú)立成文，使讀者能準(zhǔn)確地了解書(shū)籍的要義。寫(xiě)摘要時(shí)，最好用第三人稱的完整的陳述句，文長(zhǎng)一般不超過(guò)200個(gè)詞。
英文摘要分類(lèi)
摘要分陳述性的（Descriptive）和資料性的（Informational）兩類(lèi)。陳述性摘要只陳述書(shū)籍或文章的主題，不介紹內(nèi)容。資料性的摘要除了介紹主題外，還應(yīng)介紹文章的要點(diǎn)和各個(gè)要點(diǎn)的主要內(nèi)容。它可以包括三個(gè)組成部分：
�、冱c(diǎn)明主題，解析文章或書(shū)籍的目的或意圖；
②介紹主要內(nèi)容，使讀者迅速了解文章或書(shū)籍的概貌；
�、厶岢鼋Y(jié)論或建議，以供讀者參考。
英文摘要常見(jiàn)句型
1）This paper deals with...
2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...
3）This eassy presents knowledge that...
4）This thesis discusses...
5）This thesis analyzes...
6）This paper provides an overview of...
7)This paper elaborates on ...
8）This article gives an overview of...
9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.
10）This paper includes discussions concerning...
11)This paper presents up to date information on...
12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...
13)This paper addresses important topics including...
14)This paper touches upon...
15)This paper strongly emphasizes...
16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...
17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...
18)This paper considers...
19)This paper provides a method of ...
20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...
摘要題型寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)：
�、賱�(dòng)筆之前，考生一定要認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地閱讀所給原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要點(diǎn)。
�、谡拈L(zhǎng)度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考試時(shí)應(yīng)遵守規(guī)定的字?jǐn)?shù)限制。
�、墼谧稣獣r(shí)考生切忌照搬原文。
�、苷獞�(yīng)與原文的觀點(diǎn)保持一致，并且仍按原文的邏輯順序排列。
�、葜攸c(diǎn)反映主要觀點(diǎn)，刪除細(xì)節(jié)。
⑥簡(jiǎn)化從句，用簡(jiǎn)短的語(yǔ)句代替冗長(zhǎng)的語(yǔ)句。
�、邫z查與修改時(shí)，考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)檢查是否遺漏了原文的要點(diǎn)或包含了細(xì)節(jié)。
摘要題型寫(xiě)作實(shí)例
�、僭囶}題目
Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.
We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one’s own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter.
②原文要點(diǎn)：
1. continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors
2. avoid talking about death
�、蹍⒖颊�
People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death.(84 words)
四.信件
開(kāi)頭與結(jié)尾用語(yǔ)
開(kāi)頭：Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear sir or Madam, Dear President, Dear Sales Manager, Dear Dean, Dear Professor, To whom it may concern, Dear Mr. Smith,
結(jié)尾：Yours faithfully, Yours truly, Yours, Yours sincerely, Best regards, Best wishes, lovingly yours, sincerely yours,
正文第一句
朋友：Hi! How are you?
Hello! I hope everything is fine.
Hi! How is everything going?
如不認(rèn)識(shí)：I was a guest at your hotel from June 25 to 28.
I am a student at your college, enrolled in the computer course.
致謝：Thank you for your invitation to the international medical conference on October 11.
Thank you for your letter dated October 11.
解釋寫(xiě)信原因：I am writing to advise you for the loss of my credit card.
I’d like to inquire about course details.
I am writing to complain about/of the poor service at your restaurant.
結(jié)尾段
發(fā)出請(qǐng)求：I am looking forward to your prompt reply.
Please reply to us at your earliest convenience.
表達(dá)歉意：once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
Please accept my apologies once again.
提出投訴：I expect to hear from you very soon.
Please give this matter your immediate attention.
常用信件寫(xiě)作介紹
投訴信
開(kāi)頭：自我介紹，交代投訴內(nèi)容，表明本信的目的和要求
正文：說(shuō)明情況，講清利害，分析利弊。告訴對(duì)方你因此受到的傷害或不便，提出解決問(wèn)題的建議，表明希望如何處理。
結(jié)尾：表達(dá)希望問(wèn)題得到迅速恰當(dāng)解決的強(qiáng)烈愿望。希望盡快得到滿意的答復(fù)。
常用句型：
I am writing to you to complain about….
I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with/at…
I beg to call your attention to the fact that…
I wish to refer you to an incident which occurred…, calling for some remedial action.
I very much regret to have to inform you that…
I am totally/completely disappointed/upset to find…
I find it awful/quite distressing that…
My experience in…on…(date) shocked me. I can hardly put up with it.
There are some problems with the … that I wish to bring to attention. For one thing, there is…. For another, …..
I can hardly stand/bear/tolerate/put up with it any more.
To improve the situation/solve the above problem, it is advisable for you to take the following measures:…
I look forward to a day when we could really enjoy a more efficient service.
I hope that the above situation will be improved as soon as possible.
If it is not properly settled, I would ask you to give my money back, or I would complain to the Consumer’s Association.
I request you to be kind enough to solve the problem as soon as possible.
應(yīng)注意：
禮貌用詞，不能過(guò)激。
提出希望/要求，句型要多樣化。
反映問(wèn)題集中，不要聯(lián)想其他。
Ex. 1
Last Saturday, you ate at a restaurant and found a fly in one of the dishes you ordered. Write a letter of complaint to the manager of the restaurant and offer your suggestions on this problem.
咨詢信、請(qǐng)求信、說(shuō)明信
開(kāi)頭：簡(jiǎn)要告知身份，表明寫(xiě)信原因或請(qǐng)求
正文：詳細(xì)闡明詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求的具體內(nèi)容、希望獲得的信息。說(shuō)明信應(yīng)寫(xiě)明原因、實(shí)情及希望對(duì)方做些什么。強(qiáng)調(diào)所需信息/幫助的重要性。（按要求）
結(jié)尾：表達(dá)謝意，希望得到對(duì)方回復(fù)、幫助或合作。
常用句型：
I would like to inquire about some information concerning/regarding….
I am writing in the hope that you can…
I am writing because I would like to…
Needless to say, your approval of my request will be beneficial not only to myself but to the company.
Could you tell me what I have to do to…
It is sincerely requested that you…
My first question is that …
Should I need to send further materials, please let me know.
If additional information is required, please advise me at your early convenience.Should I send you copies of my qualification in advance?
I would be much obliged to you if you could let me know the procedures I have to go through.
Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.
Please render me some valuable advice which is conducive to my final decision.
I am looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
應(yīng)注意：
請(qǐng)求內(nèi)容/信息一定要詳盡，具體。
語(yǔ)氣要客氣，委婉。
語(yǔ)言直接，具體，簡(jiǎn)明。
Ex2. For some reason, you need to borrow a book from a classmate. Write a letter to him or her to describe the book you want to borrow, specify by when the book will be returned, and express your gratitude.
道歉信。
開(kāi)頭：簡(jiǎn)單交代對(duì)何事進(jìn)行道歉。
正文：解釋事情發(fā)生的原因，消除誤會(huì)或矛盾。
結(jié)尾：再次表示遺憾何歉意，表明愿意補(bǔ)救的愿望，提出建議或安排。