這兩個短語動詞都可以用作及物動詞,均可表示“從事于,致力于”的意思,其后須跟名詞,代詞或者動名詞作賓語,一般情況下可以互換,例如:they have been working on a design for a lighter plough.他們一直在設(shè)計一種比較輕的犁。they are working on a report of their investigation of synthetic rubber.他們在寫一份合成橡膠的調(diào)查報告。he is working on a new novel.他正在寫一本新的小說。they have worked on this subject for many years.他們研究這門學(xué)科已經(jīng)有好多年了。she is working at some exercises.她在做練習(xí)題。they worked at it whenever regular field tasks are not pressing.日常的農(nóng)活不緊迫時,他們就干這個。
work on除表示“從事于”的意思外,常見的意思還有“繼續(xù)工作”。這時,on是副詞,其后不能跟賓語。例如:they'll work on until sunset.他們將繼續(xù)工作,直到日落。
2、worth, worthy to, worthy of, worthwhile
worth是“值得”的意思,一般看作介詞(也有人認(rèn)為是形容詞),后面通常接(金額,時間,精力之類的)的名詞或動名詞。接動名詞時,要用主動形式,表示的卻是被動的意義。有時為了強調(diào),worth前還可以用適當(dāng)?shù)母痹~修飾。例如:what is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做。this precision instrument is worth 10,000 yuan.這臺精密儀器值一萬元。the research work is worth our while.我們在這項研究工作上花了精力是值得的。
worthy to和worthy of除表示“值得的”的意義外,還有“配得上,相稱的”等意思。前者后通常接被動不定式,間或接主動不定式。后者后通常接名詞(但不能接有關(guān)鈔票數(shù)目的名詞)或動名詞的被動形式,有時也接動名詞主動形式。例如:it is a thing worthy to be seen.這件東西值得一看。nothing occurred worthy of being mentioned.沒有發(fā)生什么值得一提的事。she is worthy of this necklace.她是配得上這條項鏈的。
worthwhile是形容詞,可用作表語,其主語可以是名詞,代詞,動名詞或不定式;它亦可用作定語。此外,worthwhile還可以分開,在while前加物主代詞。例如:it is worthwhile visiting hangzhou.杭州值得一游。this is a worthwhile experiment.這是一項值得進(jìn)行的實驗。it is worth our while to read the book.我們讀這本書是值得的。
3、war, battle, fight
war“戰(zhàn)爭”解,每個war之中可以包含許多次的battle。battle作“戰(zhàn)役”解,指在war進(jìn)行之中的各次戰(zhàn)役及大的戰(zhàn)斗。fight作“作戰(zhàn),戰(zhàn)斗”解,一個battle之中可以包含多次的fight,尤指短兵相接的肉搏戰(zhàn)。這一組詞不但可表示具體的戰(zhàn)爭和戰(zhàn)斗,亦可用于抽象意義。例如:russia was beaten in the war with japan.在與日本的戰(zhàn)爭中,俄國被打敗了。he led the battle against poverty and disease.他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著這一場與貧困和疾病斗爭的戰(zhàn)役。there had been two or three sea fights between the two countries.這兩個國家已有過兩三次海戰(zhàn)了。
4、what ever, whatever
what ever指“到底(是)什么,究竟(是)什么”,用于疑問句中,其中的ever被用來加強語氣,表示驚奇,憤怒等感情色彩。例如:what ever do you think you're doing?你究竟在干什么?what ever do you mean?你到底是什么意思?
whatever指“無論什么,任何的”,常用來引導(dǎo)名詞性從句及狀語從句,在引導(dǎo)名詞從句時相當(dāng)于anything that,引導(dǎo)狀語從句時相當(dāng)于no matter what。例如:whatever you say is wrong.不管你說什么總是錯的。whatever problem you have, you can always come to me for help.無論你有什么問題,都可以找我?guī)兔Α?
5、would rather, prefer
這兩者均可表示“寧愿,更喜歡”。
would rather是一個情態(tài)詞組,后接省去to的不定式,表示某個具體的特定行為。prefer是一個實義動詞,后接帶to的不定式,也表示一個具體的特定行為。例如:he would rather join you in the research work.他寧愿加入到你的研究工作中來。which would you rather have, bread or rice?面包和米飯,你更喜歡哪一個?we prefer to living this way.我們更喜歡這種生活方式。he preferred to go on a picnic with the girls.他更喜歡和女孩們?nèi)ヒ安汀?
兩者接不定式時,可分別與than和rather than搭配,表示“寧愿...而不愿”,would rather...than與prefer...rather than的后半部分均接省去to的不定式。例如:he would rather work than play.他寧愿工作也不愿玩。he would rather be poor than get money in such a dishonest way.他寧愿受窮也不愿以這樣一種不誠實的方法弄到錢。they preferred to die of hunger rather than take his bread.他們寧愿餓死也不愿接受他的面包。she prefers to be trouble rather than be taken care of by her parents.她寧愿有麻煩也不愿讓父母照顧她。
prefer后能接名詞或動名詞作賓語,用動名詞時,表示一個習(xí)慣性的動作。它也可與介詞to搭配,表示“喜歡...而不喜歡。would rather則不能接名詞及動名詞。例如:do you prefer coffee or tea?你喜歡咖啡還是茶?she prefers being alone.她喜歡一個人呆著。i prefer orange to red.相比于紅色,我更喜歡橙色。he prefers reading novels to watching tv.相比于看電視,他更喜歡看小說。
prefer可跟帶不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),而would rather則沒有這種用法。例如:i prefer you not to come.我寧愿你不要來。i should prefer you not to stay there too long.我寧愿你別在那兒待得太久。
would rather和prefer后都可接從句,從句中要用虛擬語氣:在would rather后的從句里,要用過去時態(tài)表示現(xiàn)在和將來,用過去完成時態(tài)表示過去;在prefer后的從句里,則用should加動詞原形的形式,should 也可以省去。例如:i would rather you came next month.我寧愿你下個月來。we'd rather you hadn't done that.我們寧愿你沒做過那件事。i prefer that the plan be fully discussed before it is carried out.我更希望這個計劃在實施之前先對其進(jìn)行充分的討論。he preferred that we do it some other way.他更希望我們換一種方式做這件事。