英語(yǔ)作文語(yǔ)言技能-全文結(jié)構(gòu)
英語(yǔ)作文語(yǔ)言技能全文結(jié)構(gòu)
作文的基本格式一般為：（1）引言段(Introduction)，（2）正文段(Body)和（3）結(jié)尾段(Conclusion)。此節(jié)將以四級(jí)考試寫(xiě)作題型為框架，扼要地介紹各種題型的引言段、正文段和結(jié)尾段的結(jié)構(gòu)和基本特點(diǎn)。
一、引言段
引言段用于確定文章的討論范圍并揭示文章主題，交代文章的寫(xiě)作目的。這一段往往用來(lái)表明作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)或看法，但要注意不應(yīng)對(duì)主題深入討論或闡述，否則后面的正文論述就會(huì)顯得羅嗦。各類(lèi)作文引言段示例：
1. 主題句作文
The Role of Computers
The computer is a great invention of this century. Ever since the first computer was brought into being, this invention has greatly changed our ways of working and living. Without computers, a lot of things would become impossible. The world would not be what it is today.
2. 提綱作文
On Choosing Career
(1) 有些人認(rèn)為家長(zhǎng)有責(zé)任為孩子計(jì)劃將來(lái)的職業(yè);
(2) 孩子們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該由自己決定將來(lái)從事的工作;
(3) 談?wù)勀愕目捶ā?/p>
Generally parents consider it their responsibility planning careers for their children. They claim that they know their children well enough to decide what kind of jobs suits them. Hoping that their children will go in for professions that will bring them prestige and money, many parents think that their children are too young and inexperienced to see this themselves. For these reasons, many parents insist that their children should obey them in choosing careers.
3. 圖表作文
Commercial
14% Industry
Residential 41%
19%
Transportation
26%
U.S ENERGY USE
Energy Use in the U.S.A.
The pie chart shows the energy use in the United States. From the pie chart, we can have an overall understanding of the situation of energy use in the United States.
4. 看圖作文
Three Monks
Having had a hot quarrel about who should go to fetch water, the three monks dropped the barrel and the pole, and sat down on the floor of the old temple, with their backs to each other and no intention to move.
5. 關(guān)鍵詞作文
City and Countryside
Key Words: similarities, differences, environment, education, transportation, entertainment, colorful, boring, narrow the gap, public health services
Although there are some similarities between the city and the countryside, there still exist great differences between them in the following fields.
6. 標(biāo)題作文
Importance of English Writing Ability
In social communication, English writing ability has become more and more important. Scientists have to write their discoveries in English for publication. Sometimes students are required to write a course paper or a composition in English to show what they have learned. Other people need to write an English letter for business or personal matters to someone in a foreign country. So English writing ability is necessary for us now.
7. 書(shū)信短文
A Letter of Invitation
Dear Mr. Higgins,
We have pleasure in inviting you to our annual conference. This year it will be taking place at the Metropolis Hotel, Brighton from 24 to 28 July.
二、正文段
正文段是文章的主體，用于對(duì)文章的主題進(jìn)行論證和闡述。正文段可以是一段或幾段，在四級(jí)考試中，正文段則一般以一至兩段為宜，但無(wú)論幾段，正文段都必須圍繞主題展開(kāi)。各類(lèi)作文正文段示例：
1. 主題句作文
The Role of Computers
Computers serve us everywhere. High up in space and down deep in ocean, they are used to make courageous explorations. On farms and in factories, they help us do tiring and difficult work. They take over our routine work in office and at home. There is a clear tendency indicating that they will play a more and more important role in our work and everyday life.
2. 提綱作文
On Choosing Career
(1) 有些人認(rèn)為家長(zhǎng)有責(zé)任為孩子計(jì)劃將來(lái)的職業(yè);
(2) 孩子們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該由自己決定將來(lái)從事的工作;
(3) 談?wù)勀愕目捶ā?
But many children suggest that they should have their freedom to choose their careers. For one thing, parents and their children may not share the same interests. A job that appeals to parents is not necessarily appealing to their children. For another, children as they are in their parents’ eyes, they are grown ups when it comes to finding a job, and therefore, they should be allowed to develop independence and self-reliance. In short, children should be left free to make their own decisions about their future careers.
3. 圖表作文
The Energy Use in the U.S.A.
From the pie chart, we can see clearly that the American energy consumption is divided into four major parts, namely, residential, industry, commercial and transportation. Industry consumes the largest portion, accounting for 41%. Transportation ranks the second, making up 26%, while the commercial use and residential use are 14% and 19% respectively.
4. 看圖作文
Three Monks
In fact, with a barrel, every individual can fetch water. Two monks can fetch water with even easier shared efforts. But with three monks, it’s hard to fetch water because only two of them are enough and a third one is spared, while each one wants to be the third one, which makes things difficult. As a result, with their energy saved, they would go thirsty.
5. 關(guān)鍵詞作文
City and Countryside
Key Words: similarities, differences, environment, education, transportation, entertainment, colorful, boring, narrow the gap, public health services
Generally speaking, the environment is better in the countryside. It’s quieter and cleaner, and the air is fresher than that in the city. On the other hand, people in the city can get better education, more entertainment, and free public health services. In addition, transportation in the city is more convenient than in the countryside.
6. 標(biāo)題作文
Importance of English Writing Ability
I think there are several ways by which we can improve our writing in English. One is that we should read more. We can read English newspapers, magazines, and textbooks, and copy the useful sentences and phrases. Second, we should write more, writing to our friends in English and writing articles in English to publish. We can also keep a diary in English.
7. 書(shū)信短文
A Letter of Invitation
Last year you gave a very interesting presentation on the subject of “ Purchasing High Technology”. We would be very grateful if you would consider giving us an update on this.
三、 結(jié)尾段
結(jié)尾段通常比較簡(jiǎn)潔，簡(jiǎn)述經(jīng)過(guò)論證后的結(jié)論， 使讀者對(duì)文章主旨有一個(gè)完整的認(rèn)識(shí)， 加深讀者的印象， 做到首尾呼應(yīng)。 注意不要在結(jié)論段里提出新的問(wèn)題或話(huà)題，但可以提出期望，也可以展望未來(lái)。各類(lèi)作文結(jié)尾段示例:
1. 主題句作文
The Role of Computers
Computers also cause trouble. For example, the whole system will break down when only an individual computer goes wrong. It is possible somebody breaks into a computer system to steal secret information. What’s more, computers have created lots of young fans that get so addicted to video games that their study as well as health is unfavorably affected.
2. 提綱作文
On Choosing Career
(1) 有些人認(rèn)為家長(zhǎng)有責(zé)任為孩子計(jì)劃將來(lái)的職業(yè);
(2) 孩子們認(rèn)為應(yīng)該由自己決定將來(lái)從事的工作;
(3) 談?wù)勀愕目捶ā?/p>
In my opinion, mutual understanding is important in this case. On one hand, parents’ views do reflect their concern for the well-being of their children. On the other hand, it is the children who will be doing the jobs, not the parents. Therefore, it is wise of parents to give their children freedom to make their own choices and it is also wise of children to consult their parents when making decisions.
3. 圖表作文
The Energy Use in the U.S.A.
By studying the chart, we have got a basic understanding of the situation of energy use in the United States, so that we are now acquainted with the sector in American life that consumes the greatest amount of energy.
4. 看圖作文
Three Monks
The story is simple, but we can learn a lot from it. Selfishness is such an evil good-for-nothing that it can turn everybody’s responsibility into nobody’s responsibility. To achieve accomplishments, we need teamwork and selfless contribution.
5. 關(guān)鍵詞作文
City and Countryside
Key Words: similarities, differences, environment, education, transportation, entertainment, colorful, boring, narrow the gap, public health services
To sum up, life in the city is more colorful, while life in the countryside is more boring. Now, people are working hard to reduce the gap.
6. 標(biāo)題作文
Importance of English Writing Ability
In a word, more and more importance is being attached to English writing ability; therefore, we must spend more time improving our writing skills. So long as we practice writing and write something for real purposes, we will be able to perfect our writing ability in English.
7. 書(shū)信作文
A Letter of Invitation
We would appreciate it if you could confirm your participation at your earliest convenience.
Yours sincerely
P Matthews
Conference Organizer