高考英語作文常用修辭手法
高考英語作文常用修辭手法
文章最忌語言枯燥無味，一篇好的作文，語言應(yīng)該生動(dòng)形象。而恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用修辭手法，可以使文字新鮮活潑、具體逼真，大大增強(qiáng)藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力，擴(kuò)大語言表達(dá)的范圍；而且還可以激發(fā)讀者的想象，給人留下深刻的印象。下面介紹一些英語作文中常用的修辭手法。
1. 比喻 (metaphor)
比喻就是打比方�？煞譃槊饔骱桶涤鳎�
明喻 (simile)：
用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他詞語指出兩個(gè)不同事物的相似之處。例如：
O my love’s like a red, red rose. 我的愛人像一朵紅紅的玫瑰花。
The man can’t be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那個(gè)人不可信賴。他像鰻魚一樣狡猾。
He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起來。
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一場(chǎng)疾逝的夢(mèng)。
暗喻 (metaphor)：
用一個(gè)詞來指代與該詞所指事物有相似特點(diǎn)的另外一個(gè)事物。例如：
He has a heart of stone. 他有一顆鐵石心腸。
The world is a stage. 世界是一個(gè)大舞臺(tái)。
2. 換喻(metonymy)
用某一事物的名稱代替另外一個(gè)與它關(guān)系密切的事物的名稱，只要一提到其中一種事物，就會(huì)使人聯(lián)想到另一種。比如用the White House 代替美國政府或者總統(tǒng)， 用the bottle來代替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 來代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。例如：
His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件不允許他享受那種奢華。
The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母親盡最大努力照看孩子。
He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年繼承了王位。
3. 提喻 (synecdoche)
指用部分代表整體或者用整體代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如：
He earns his bread by writing. 他靠寫作掙錢謀生。
The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收獲季節(jié)里農(nóng)場(chǎng)缺乏勞動(dòng)力。
Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亞隊(duì)在板球比賽中擊敗了加拿大隊(duì)。
He is the Newton of this century. 他是這個(gè)世紀(jì)的牛頓。
4. 擬人 (personification)
把事物或者概念當(dāng)作人或者具備人的品質(zhì)的寫法叫擬人。例如：
My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。
This time fate was smiling to him. 這一次命運(yùn)朝他微笑了。
The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 當(dāng)她經(jīng)過的時(shí)候花兒向她點(diǎn)頭致意。
The wind whistled through the trees. 風(fēng)穿過樹叢，樹葉嘩嘩作響。
5. 委婉 (euphemism)
用溫和的、間接的詞語代替生硬的、粗俗的詞語，以免直接說出不愉快的事實(shí)冒犯別人或者造成令人窘迫、沮喪的局面。例如：
用to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代替 to die
用senior citizens代替old people
用 a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil
用weight watcher代替 fat people
用mental hospital 代替 madhouse或者 asylum
用emotionally disturbed代替mad
用washroom, men’s / women’s room代替 lavatory
用 handicapped代替 crippled
用low income brackets; underprivileged; disadvantaged 代替 poor people
6. 雙關(guān) (pun)
用同音異義或者一詞二義來達(dá)到詼諧幽默的效果：表面上是一個(gè)意思，而實(shí)際上卻暗含另一個(gè)意思，這種暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如：
A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (arms可指手臂或者武器)
一發(fā)炮彈打斷了他的腿，所以他繳械投降了。
“Can I try on that gown in the window?” asked a would-be customer.
“Certainly not, madam!” replied the salesman. 我可以試穿一下櫥窗里的那件睡袍嗎？或者：我可以在櫥窗里試穿那件睡袍嗎？
Seven days without water make one weak (week). 七天沒有水使一個(gè)人虛弱�；蛘撸浩咛鞗]有水就是一周沒有水。
7. 反語 (irony)
使用與真正意義相反的詞，正話反說或者反話正說，從對(duì)立的角度運(yùn)用詞義來產(chǎn)生特殊的效果。下面就是莎士比亞的戲劇 Julius Caesar 中的一個(gè)運(yùn)用反語的很好的例子，Brutus出于野心刺殺了 Caesar, Caesar 的好友Antony 譏諷Brutus 說：
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest—
For Brutus is an honorable man;
So are they all, all honorable men—
Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral.
He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honorable man.
在 Antony 的話里反復(fù)使用 honorable這個(gè)詞就是一個(gè)反語的例子。
8. 矛盾修飾 (oxymoron)
把相互矛盾的兩個(gè)詞用在一起的修辭方法。它利用詞義表面的相互矛盾使表層的不和諧統(tǒng)一在思想內(nèi)容的深層，從而揭示事物對(duì)立統(tǒng)一的本質(zhì)特征，達(dá)到加深印象的目的。例如：
She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile. 她帶著含淚的微笑讀那封盼望已久的信。
The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.教練為了對(duì)他的受訓(xùn)者仁慈就要對(duì)他們殘酷。
During his useful life he often felt he was useless. 在他大有作為的一生中他老是感到自己無用。
其他還有sweet pain; thunderous silence; luxurious poverty; heavy lightness; living death; impossible hope 等等。
9. 軛式搭配 (zeugma)
把適用于某一事物的詞語順勢(shì)用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一個(gè)句子里一個(gè)詞可以修飾或者控制兩個(gè)或更多的詞，它可以使語言活潑，富有幽默感。例如：
She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. 她對(duì)那無家可歸的男孩打開了房門，也敞開了胸懷。
As I left home after breakfast, I shivered inwardly as well as outwardly. 早餐之后我離開家的時(shí)候，我的里里外外都在顫抖。
I would my horse had the speed of your tongue. 我希望我的馬能有你的舌頭的速度。
10. 移位修飾(transferred epithet)
將本應(yīng)該用來修飾某一類名詞的修飾語用來修飾另一類名詞。例如：
There was a short, thoughtful silence. 出現(xiàn)了一陣短暫的、令人沉思的寂靜。
The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. 老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。
He closed his busy life at the age of sixty. 在六十歲時(shí)他結(jié)束了他那忙碌的一生。
This is the cheapest market in this country. 這是這個(gè)國家最便宜的市場(chǎng)了。
11. 頭韻 (alliteration)
兩個(gè)或者更多的詞以相同的音韻或者字母開頭就構(gòu)成頭韻。例如：
proud as a peacock
blind as a bat
safe and sound
Long and loudly little Lily laughed. 小莉莉長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地、大聲地笑著。
The windows waved violently in the wind. 窗戶在風(fēng)中劇烈地?fù)u動(dòng)。
The sun sank slowly. 太陽慢慢地下沉。
12. 漸進(jìn) (climax)
根據(jù)事物的邏輯關(guān)系，由小到大，由輕到重，由淺到深，由低到高，由少到多依次漸進(jìn)地進(jìn)行描述或論述。這種整齊的結(jié)構(gòu)可以使人們的思想認(rèn)識(shí)一層層深化提高，增強(qiáng)語言的感染力和說服力。例如：
I came; I saw; I conquer. 我來了；我看到了；我征服。
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 讀書使人充實(shí)；交談使人機(jī)智；寫作使人精確。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 書有可淺嘗者，有可吞咽者，更有少數(shù)須消化咀嚼者。
Lincoln recognized worth in the common people; he loved the common people; he fought for the common people; and he died for the common people. 林肯認(rèn)識(shí)到平民大眾的價(jià)值；他熱愛平民大眾；他為平民大眾而斗爭(zhēng)；他為平民大眾而獻(xiàn)身。