四級考試議論文寫作精講(2)

　　四級考試議論文寫作精講(2)

　　（2） 語篇的連貫性

　　英語議論文的段落多采取直線展開式，即段落開始直接切入主題，并給出事實、例證、推理等。英語議論文段落這種展開方式是形成其語篇連貫的基礎(chǔ)。語篇的連貫是指段落中各句的意義通過某種有序的排列（如時間順序、因果順序、邏輯順序等）而相互關(guān)聯(lián)。在論述該段落主題的時候，每后一個句子都是建立在前面一個句子的基礎(chǔ)之上的。如果去掉段落中的一個句子，這種連貫便會受到影響，就會造成讀者在理解上的困難。

　　3. 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)、議論文中常用的詞句與短語

　�。�1） 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)

　　一篇議論文能否獲得高分與其中心段落主題句的質(zhì)量不無關(guān)聯(lián)，而主題句質(zhì)量的高低則又取決于審題的好壞和論據(jù)的選擇（即所選的論據(jù)在邏輯性、說理性、準確性及與主題內(nèi)容的關(guān)聯(lián)性等方面是否都經(jīng)得起推敲）。需要明確的是，中心段落只應有兩個組成部分：段落的主題句和支持主題句的論據(jù)。

　　段落的主題句也應有兩個部分組成，即：主題句=主題+作者對主題的看法或態(tài)度，兩者缺一不可。假設(shè)應試者被要求寫一篇有關(guān)吸煙的議論文，那么 SMOKING 就是中心段落的主題。請看下面這個主題句：

　　Smoking is a habit of many men.

　　該主題句暴露出兩個問題：（1）作者審題不清；（2）作者沒有表明對主題的看法或態(tài)度。

　　一般說來，議論文要求應試者闡明自己對某問題的看法或態(tài)度。因此當我們拿到議論文的題目以后，要認真審題，權(quán)衡某事的利與弊，然后確定我們的立場。

　　如何構(gòu)建段落的主題句呢？

　　拿到議論文的題目以后，經(jīng)認真審題后，用英文列出你所能想起的與主題有關(guān)的例證。我們還用吸煙這個話題為例：

　　SMOKING

　　1. Smoking can cause such a disease as lung cancer.

　　2. Reports say that merely 3 grams of nicotine can kill a large animal.

　　3. Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one’s life by about 15

　　minutes and that chain smoking is even more hazardous.

　　4. Smoking after a meal can also disturb one’s digestive system.

　　5. Heavy smoking can seriously affect an adult’s sexuality.

　　6. Smoking does harm to second-hand smokers as well.

　　7. Smoking makes one’s mouth smell.

　　8. The life expectancy of smokers is shorter than that of nonsmokers.

　　9. Smoking in bed may cause fire..

　　根據(jù)上面所列出的七個句子，我們可以選擇以下兩個主題句，即：

　　<1> Smoking is a bad habit.

　　<2> Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health.

　　第一個主題句表明了作者的態(tài)度，但不如第二個具體，因此在展開中心段落時不僅要談吸煙對人體健康的不良影響，還要涉及吸煙在其它方面造成的危害。這樣的段落考生較難掌握。因此主題句越是相對地具體段落就越好展開。但這并不等于說第一個主題句不好；如果主題句太過具體，段落可展開的范圍就會過窄。如果范圍較窄，有些考生所能列出的例證就會相對較少，整篇文章寫下來后可能達不到所要求的字數(shù)。因此選擇哪一個主題句要視具體情況而定。

　　用于支持段落主題句的論據(jù)其實就是我們開始列出的那些例證，但應視主題句所涉及范圍的大小而有所取舍。下面我們就上面的兩個主題句分別構(gòu)建兩個不同的中心段落：

　　(1)

　　Smoking is a bad habit. For one thing, smoking in bed may cause a terrible fire. For another, regular smoking makes one’s mouth smell bad. And worst of all, cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, "Cancer Stick". Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one’s life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine (about 3 grams in weight) can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adult’s sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs one’s digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers (also called second-hand smokers), according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places. (211 words)