孤獨(dú)-Loneliness

　　Loneliness

　　any people feel lonely sometimes.  It usually lasts only a short  while.  For  some  people,

　　though, loneliness can last for years.Researchers say there are three types of loneliness.

　　The first kind of loneliness is temporary. This is the most common type.  It usually disappears quickly and does not require any special attention. The second kind, situational loneliness is a natural result of a particular situation   for example, a family problem, the death of a friend, etc. Although

　　this kind of loneliness can cause headaches or sleeplessness,it usually doesn＇t last for more than a year.

　　The third kind of loneliness is the most severe. Unlike the other two types, it usually lasts more than two years and has no specific cause. Unfortunately, many chronically lonely peopie think there is little they can do to improve their condition.

　　Psychologists agree that one important factor is a person＇s social contacts, e.g. friends, family members, coworkers, etc. We depend on various people for different reasons. However. psychologists have found that, though lonely people may have many social contacts, they sometimes feel they should have more. They question their popularity.

　　Psychologists are trying to find ways to help habitually lonely people: they are unhappy and unable to socialize and there is a connection between chronic loneliness and serious illness such as heart disease. While temporary and situational loneliness can be a normal, healthy part of life, chronic loneliness can be a sad, and sometimes dangerous condition.

　　孤獨(dú)

　　很多人都曾感到過孤獨(dú)。通常這種感覺只出現(xiàn)很短一段時(shí)間。但是，對于一些人來說，這種孤獨(dú)感會(huì)持續(xù)幾年。研究人員說通常有三類孤獨(dú)。

　　第一類是暫時(shí)性孤獨(dú)。這是最常見的一種。這種孤獨(dú)感消失{艮快，一般無需特別關(guān)注。第二類，情景性孤獨(dú)，是某種特定情景的自然結(jié)果—例如，家庭問題，朋友去世等等。盡管這種孤獨(dú)常會(huì)引起頭痛、失眠等癥狀，但一般說來，它不會(huì)超過一年。

　　第三類孤獨(dú)最為嚴(yán)重。與前兩種不同，這種孤獨(dú)常常會(huì)持續(xù)兩年以上，而且找不出特別的原因。不幸的是，很多長期孤獨(dú)的人會(huì)覺得對改善現(xiàn)狀無能為力。

　　心理學(xué)家認(rèn)同造成孤獨(dú)的一個(gè)重要因素就是人的社會(huì)聯(lián)系，即朋友、家人、同事等。  由于種種原因，我們要和不同的人打交道。但是，心理學(xué)家也發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管這些孤獨(dú)的人也可能有很多社會(huì)關(guān)系，但他們有時(shí)覺得他們應(yīng)該擁有更多。他們對自己是否受人歡迎沒有把握。

　　心理學(xué)家正試圖找到合適的方法來幫助習(xí)慣性的孤獨(dú)人群：他們郁郁寡歡，無法融入社會(huì)，而很多嚴(yán)重的疾病，例如心臟病等都與這種慢性孤獨(dú)感相關(guān)。暫時(shí)性和情景性孤

　　獨(dú)是正常、健康生活的一部分，而長期的孤獨(dú)則是一種糟糕的，有時(shí)甚至是危險(xiǎn)的情況。