間接因果論證:小孩子為什么說(shuō)謊？-Why Do Children Tell Li.

　　小孩子為什么說(shuō)謊？

　　【內(nèi)容提示】

　　小孩子全都天真無(wú)邪，但并非全都誠(chéng)實(shí)。有好多小孩經(jīng)常撒謊。小孩撒謊的責(zé)任在誰(shuí)？怪孩子還是怪大人。請(qǐng)你就這一問(wèn)題寫一篇文章，用間接推理的方法論證小孩說(shuō)謊的原因在家長(zhǎng)和老師。

　　【作文示范】

　　Why Do Children Tell Lies?

　　All children are innocent, but not all of them are honest. Quite a few of them tell lies. We frequently hear about children being punished by their parents or teachers for lying. My nephew, an eleven-year-old boy, is often scolded by his mother. Whenever he comes home late, he says that he was at school. But more than once he was found playing with other naughty boys on their way home. Who is to blame now? Is it the children themselves who enjoy telling lies or other people, such as their parents or teachers, who cause them to do so?

　　We have no doubt that children are born to be pure. They grow up, affected by their surroundings. Although they take interest in almost everything, they haven＇t developed their own powers of independent judgement. They can＇t tell what＇s right or what＇s wrong. Their powers of observation①, in contrast, are much stronger than their powers of judgement. And above all, they are good at imitating②. Unfortunately, we adults sometimes lie. Maybe we find it necessary or have to to do so sometimes. This is something like white lies③. The trouble is that most of us don＇t avoid doing so before children. Thus, children＇s lying is, in a way, the result of adult＇s act.

　　We also believe that children certainly make mistakes. At first, they do have some interest in truth and honesty. A boy has broken a glass, and have admitted his mistakes; he is almost likely scolded instead of being praised by his parents. And when a pupil admits that he misses class one time, he is usually warned not to do that again another time by his teacher. Gradually the child loses the courage to tell the truth; on the contrary, he feels it helpful to tell lies: at least, he can escape being punished here and now. And at last, he concludes that to tell lies is somehow a good way to get rid of trouble. Before long the parents and the teacher will be complaining that the child is always lying, but they seldom realize that it is they who have brought this on the child.

　　【詞語(yǔ)解釋】

　�、賝bservation[?&bs+＇veiM+n]n.觀察力

　�、趇mitate[＇imiteit]v.模仿

　　③white lie善意的謊言

　　【寫法指要】

　　本文在引言段一開(kāi)頭用了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折句排除了“all”中的一部分，接著舉了一個(gè)具體事例引出一個(gè)選擇性論點(diǎn)“是……還是……”。在正文中，作者運(yùn)用“排他法”間接論證了孩子們說(shuō)謊的兩種原因：一是環(huán)境影響，二是成人誤導(dǎo)。最后得出的結(jié)論是：小孩說(shuō)謊的原因不在孩子本身，而在家長(zhǎng)和教師。所以，最后還是用排除法把引言段中的選擇性論點(diǎn)確定在“還是……”的強(qiáng)調(diào)部分了。所以，我們說(shuō)，本文從頭到尾都是用的排他法間接因果論證。排他法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是在對(duì)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)的逐個(gè)否定中加強(qiáng)了自己論點(diǎn)的正確性；在肯定或否定一種情況時(shí)，既說(shuō)明了理由，又比較了優(yōu)劣，有很強(qiáng)的說(shuō)服力，使人相信最終的選擇是惟一正確的。