高考透視,疑難掃描_英語(yǔ)教學(xué)論文,高考透視,疑難掃描_英語(yǔ)教學(xué)
高考透視,疑難掃描
廣德中學(xué)/章治安
在中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,動(dòng)詞的地位舉足輕重,其形式活潑,用途廣泛。除動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)外,動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ) 形式可謂另一重要內(nèi)容,它具有多種功能與用法。正因?yàn)槿绱,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在高考中的比重相當(dāng)突出。以下是 近幾年非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在高考中的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析表:
分類 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(可統(tǒng)計(jì)題)分布狀況
單項(xiàng)題 完形題 拼寫(xiě)題 改錯(cuò)題 四題所點(diǎn)總分 權(quán)重值 年份 '93MET 4 3 65 10.9% '94MET 4 3 65 10.9% '95NMET 4 3 2 85 10.6% '96NMET 2 4 2 1 70 12.8% '97NMET 2 3 2 3 70 14.3%
上表顯示,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在可統(tǒng)計(jì)的題中所占比重已接近時(shí)態(tài)題,且較前些年有所增加。然而,中學(xué)生對(duì)這 一語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目多心存畏懼或略知一二,缺乏全面、系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識(shí),學(xué)習(xí)中處于被動(dòng)應(yīng)付的局面。實(shí)際教學(xué)中,筆者 三年來(lái)對(duì)我校(地區(qū)重點(diǎn)中學(xué))剛進(jìn)入高三年級(jí)的畢業(yè)生進(jìn)行過(guò)連續(xù)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)能準(zhǔn)確說(shuō)出非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞概 念的同學(xué)寥寥無(wú)幾,僅占5%左右。這說(shuō)明絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞掌握得不好,對(duì)其概念、用法、變化含混 不清、模棱兩可。同時(shí)也反映了非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在教學(xué)中的難度,它不僅抽象深?yuàn)W,而且對(duì)其他語(yǔ)法知識(shí)有很大的 依賴。
本文以非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞高考考點(diǎn)作引導(dǎo),分析其難點(diǎn),摸索其特點(diǎn)與教學(xué)方法。
一、最新高考題析。1993—1997年的高考題,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在考點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)上,呈現(xiàn)出以下的特色,F(xiàn)作簡(jiǎn)要分 析(題后注原題號(hào)及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案):
1.How about the two of us______a walk down the garden? ('93MET17, Key:C)
A、to take B、take
C、taking D、to be taking
簡(jiǎn)析:空白處所填詞語(yǔ)taking與the two of us 一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),作about的賓語(yǔ)。
2.The computer centre,______ last year, is very popularamong the students in this school. ('93MET31, Key:D)
A、open B、opening
C、having opened D、opened
簡(jiǎn)析:這里應(yīng)填入一非限制性定語(yǔ)成份,其意義相當(dāng)于which wasopened。open為動(dòng)詞,此處使用過(guò)去分 詞,表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。
3.Charles Bahhase is generally considered ____the firstcomputer.(’93MET34,Key:C)
A、to invent B、inventing
C、to have invented
D、having invented
簡(jiǎn)析:consider表示“認(rèn)為”的意義時(shí),可跟不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。若不定式表示的動(dòng)作在前,則使用其完 成形式,本題中invent表示的動(dòng)作早已過(guò)去。
4.The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction withthe talks, ——that he had enjoyed
his stay here. (’94MET20,Key:C)
A、having added B、to add
C、adding D、added
簡(jiǎn)析:此處所填的詞與其后的賓語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情景。add是及物動(dòng)詞(有自己的賓語(yǔ)從句), 此處adding表示主動(dòng)意義, 所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。
5.The missing boys were last seen______near the river.( ’94MET30, Key:A)
A、playing B、played
C、play D、to play
簡(jiǎn)析:所填的詞為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),因其后有明確的地點(diǎn),補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行中,所以只能使用pl aying。
6. The first textbooks _____ for teaching English as aforeign language were produced in t he sixteenth century. (’94MET32, Key:A)
A、written B、to be written
C、being written D、having written
簡(jiǎn)析:所填的詞與隨后的介詞短語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成后置定語(yǔ),write 為及物動(dòng)詞,與前面所修飾的詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 ,此處填過(guò)去分詞,表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。
7.Paul doesn't have to be made_______.He always works hard.(’95NMET11, Key:B)
A、learn B、to learn
C、learned D、learning
簡(jiǎn)析:使役動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),其后的不定式應(yīng)保留to.
8. We agreed_______here but so far she doesn't turn up yet.(’95NMET19, Key:C)
A、having met B、meeting
C、to meet D、to have met
簡(jiǎn)析:動(dòng)詞agree后應(yīng)接不定式。根據(jù)后一句的內(nèi)容, 可知該不定式動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生,表示將來(lái)意義,所以 填C項(xiàng)。而D項(xiàng)“to have met ”卻表示動(dòng)作已過(guò)去。
9.—You were brave enough to raise objections at themeeting.
—Well, now I regret_______that. (’95NMET26, Key:D)
A、to do B、to be doing
C、to have done D、having done
簡(jiǎn)析:regret后所跟動(dòng)詞有to do 與doing兩種形式, 不定式表示“為做某事而遺憾”, doing 表示“ 為做過(guò)某事而后悔”。“havingdone”則更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作已發(fā)生而無(wú)法挽回。
10.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, buthis mother told him __________.(’ 95NMET34, Key:A)
A、not to B、not to do
C、not do it D、do not to
簡(jiǎn)析:所填短語(yǔ)意義應(yīng)為“not to ride his bicycle in thestreet”,因前文出現(xiàn)過(guò)ride his bic ycle in the street”,故可省略,避免重復(fù),但不定式標(biāo)志則予以保留。
11.________in thought, he almost ran into the car infront of him.(’96NMET23, Key:C)
A、Losing B、Having lost
C、Lost D、To lose
簡(jiǎn)析:這里分詞短語(yǔ)的意義應(yīng)為“As he was lost in thought ”,意為“由于陷入沉思”,這兒填入過(guò) 去分詞短語(yǔ),表示一種狀態(tài),用作原因狀語(yǔ)。
12.I would love______to the party last night but I had towork extra hours to finish a repor t.(’97NMET12, Key:B)
A、to go B、to have gone
C、going D、having gone
簡(jiǎn)析:本題考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣。would love to do 為一固定搭配形式,其中不定式表示想要做 的動(dòng)作。但此句中but 連接的句子說(shuō)明其實(shí)動(dòng)作并沒(méi)有發(fā)生,所以這里要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,選 用B項(xiàng)。
13.The Olympic games, _______in 776BC, did not includewomen players until 1912.(’97NMET 17, Key:C)
A、first playing B、to be first played
C、first played D、to be first playing
簡(jiǎn)析:該題與’93MET31題考點(diǎn)完全一致。這里play 意為“舉行”,及物動(dòng)詞,過(guò)去分詞played與主語(yǔ)構(gòu) 成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,表示被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,在此用作非限制性定語(yǔ)。
二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞疑難剖析
以上高考題例顯示,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)都是就其最基本的內(nèi)容與用法設(shè)計(jì)的,例如,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) ,用作狀語(yǔ),分別表示原因、條件、伴隨情景等。但非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式、用法還遠(yuǎn)不止這些,如它們的否定式 、進(jìn)行式、完成式、多種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)等等。掌握這些內(nèi)容,對(duì)于全面把握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,加深對(duì)動(dòng)詞意義的理解, 增強(qiáng)運(yùn)用能力,并最終提高閱讀能力,都具有重要意義。以下是對(duì)幾個(gè)難點(diǎn)的探討。
1.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
。1)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):
其基本形式為“for (of)sb. to do sth.”,表達(dá)時(shí),常使用it作形式主語(yǔ),句型為“It is+adj.+for (of)sb.+to do sth.”。 這里不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)的引導(dǎo)詞是學(xué)習(xí)中的難點(diǎn)。用for還是of 取決于前面形容詞的 意義,一般情況下用for,但形容詞為品質(zhì)形容詞時(shí), 形容詞后使用of,如kind,nice,careful,warm-hear ted等等。例如:
、買t's too hard for a baby of 5 to walk so long a way.
、贗t's kind of you to help me with my English.
(2)動(dòng)詞-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):
這種結(jié)構(gòu)的基本形式為“one's doing”,但所有格one's 在運(yùn)用中有變化。規(guī)則為:①?gòu)?fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)置句首 或在正式文體中,使用所有格。②動(dòng)詞-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)帶有后置定語(yǔ)、邏輯主語(yǔ)為不定代詞、邏輯主語(yǔ)為名詞 化的形容詞、抽象名詞等,使用普通格。③在非正式文體,尤其在口語(yǔ)中,不置句首時(shí),?苫Q。例如:
、貲o you mind all of us coming together?
、贖is not coming in time made the teacher angry.
③I understand you/your refusing his offer.
、躓e hate the rich robbing the poor of their property.
、軹he noise of the desks being opened and closed could beheard out in the street.(S.B.Ⅱ.L. 8)
。3)與with構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):
作狀語(yǔ),表示原因、伴隨狀態(tài)等,基本形式為with sb. to do /doing 以及 with sth. to do/done(be ing done), 分別表示尚未發(fā)生、正在進(jìn)行、已經(jīng)過(guò)去的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)動(dòng)作。例如:
、賅ith so much work to do, he can't go out for play.
、赪ith a native leading the way, we had no trouble infinding the village.
③With the lovely dog wounded in the accident, Mrs Cooperstill feels sad.
、躓e need more people and money with the key projectbeing carried on.
注:這一語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)在去掉with之后,就可轉(zhuǎn)化為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),但此結(jié)構(gòu)目前尚不屬高考范疇。
2.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
在感官動(dòng)詞、使役動(dòng)詞之后,常用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),其形式同樣活潑多變。但補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)若為不定式,謂 語(yǔ)部分又為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),則須保留不定式標(biāo)志to。例如:
、賂he missing boys. were last seen playing near the river.(’94MET30)
②He rushed in and found something stolen.
、跿he boy was made to work for 12 hours a day.
④Don't have the horse running so fast, or it will gethurt.
注:使役動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)詞-ing結(jié)構(gòu),表示“驅(qū)使…一直做”或“聽(tīng)任…做”之意。
3.一些動(dòng)詞后的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視其有無(wú)邏輯主語(yǔ)而形式不同:有邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)用不定式,而無(wú)邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)選擇 動(dòng)詞-ing形式。請(qǐng)注意對(duì)比以下常用詞的結(jié)構(gòu)特征:
┌allow doing
。1)┤
└allow sb. to do
┌permit doing
(2)┤
└permit sb. to do
┌forbid doing
。3)┤
└forbid sb. to do
┌advise doing
。4)┤
└advise sb. to do
例如:
┌They don't permit smoking in the office.
、侃
└They don't permit us to smoke in the office.
┌Father doesn't allow going out at night.
、讴
└Father doesn't allow me to go out at night.
4.一些動(dòng)詞,后接不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing時(shí),所表示的時(shí)間意義不同,不定式表示動(dòng)作未發(fā)生,動(dòng)詞-ing形式 表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)過(guò)去。例如:
、買 told him of the matter again, for I forgot having methim after the accident.
、贒on't forget to lock the door. It is not safe enoughhere.
5.一些動(dòng)詞,如try,mean,stop,get,send等,后接不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式,表示意義不同,試比較:
┌try to do“努力做”,含“不努力則難以完成”之意
。1)┤
└try doing“嘗試做”,含“摸索方法”之意
┌mean to do“打算做”,含“有某種傾向”之意
。2)┤
└mean doing“意味著”,含“等同于”之意
┌stop to do“停下…去干…”,表示一動(dòng)作停止, 另一動(dòng)
│作開(kāi)始
。3)┤
└stop doing“停止干…”,表示動(dòng)作停止,不再繼續(xù)
┌get sb. to do“請(qǐng)求某人做”,“說(shuō)服某人做”
(4)┤
└get sb. doing“使某人開(kāi)始做”
┌send. sb to do“指派某人做”
。5)┤send. sb doing “使某人(怎樣)做”,表示
└動(dòng)作開(kāi)始后無(wú)法改變
還有些動(dòng)詞,后接不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式,表示語(yǔ)義無(wú)多大差別,多半可以互換,這些動(dòng)詞有begin,sta rt,prefer等,不過(guò)當(dāng)他們自身使用動(dòng)詞-ing形式時(shí),其后常用不定式形式。
6.一些動(dòng)詞后只跟不定式,最常用的有ask,agree , decide ,expect,learn,manage,offer,prete nd,refuse,wish等。 一些動(dòng)詞后只跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式,最常用的有avoid(避免), appreciate ,can't he lp(禁不。,enjoy,excuse,delay,finish , mind ,miss,pardon,practise,resist,risk,sugge st等。
7. 少數(shù)常用動(dòng)詞使用時(shí)有自身的特點(diǎn), 不可一概而論。 請(qǐng)注意hope,consider,suggest(建議)的用 法特征。
hope后接不定式,不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)即句子主語(yǔ)。當(dāng)hope后出現(xiàn)與主語(yǔ)不一致的人稱或人物時(shí),使用從句形 式,而不使用hope sb. to do結(jié)構(gòu)。
suggest 后接動(dòng)詞- ing 形式, 它的邏輯主語(yǔ)為句子主語(yǔ)。 若suggest后跟有人稱或事物,則常使用從 句形式,無(wú)suggest sb. todo 的用法。consider使用consider(考慮)doing,consider(認(rèn)為)…to be /to do 或be considered to be/to do形式,也可使用從句。例如:
①I hope to go swimming this afternoon.
I hope Tom could come here soon.
、贖e considered trying again.
He considered us all to be wrong.
③They suggested setting out at once.
They suggested that we should set out at once.
8.由非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞,常見(jiàn)形式有:
(1)名詞+過(guò)去分詞或動(dòng)詞-ing形式,如:
man-made dog-tired
English-speaking insect-eating
。2)形容詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式,如:
good-looking bad-looking
。3)副詞+過(guò)去分詞,如:
newly-built well-dressed
well-skilled highly-qualified
9.幾種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義的用法。
。1)主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+to do
(2)主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+worth+doin
。1)和(2)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語(yǔ)是不定式或動(dòng)詞-ing形式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。
。3)主語(yǔ)+need(want,require )+doing =主語(yǔ)+need +tobe done,但前者更常用。
以上幾種結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞均為及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。
┌have sth. to do
│get sth. to do
。4)主語(yǔ)+ ┤
│find sth. to do
└give sb sth. to do
這些用法中,句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),sth.為邏輯賓語(yǔ),do為及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。例如:
、買've got a proposal to make to you.
、赪e tried to find sth. to eat but couldn't.
10.幾種固定結(jié)構(gòu)表示特定的意義,它們不可隨意改變:
to tell you the truth “實(shí)話告訴你”
generally speaking“通常說(shuō)來(lái)”
judging from“從…來(lái)判斷”
talking of ┐
├ “說(shuō)到(談到)…”
speaking of┘
considering that“考慮到…”
請(qǐng)看以下句子:
①Generally speaking, this book is not very difficult.
、贘udging from what you said, he has taken a very good job.
、跜onsidering that he has been in China for only a year, he speaks Chinese well.(《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ) 法手冊(cè)》薄冰)
以上非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞難點(diǎn)分析是筆者近幾年對(duì)中學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)實(shí)踐的總結(jié)。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的豐富內(nèi)容與靈活用法, 還遠(yuǎn)不止這些難點(diǎn),在此,真誠(chéng)希望廣大同仁能共同探討與交流。
高考透視,疑難掃描