高考透視,疑難掃描_英語教學(xué)論文,高考透視,疑難掃描_英語教學(xué)
高考透視,疑難掃描
廣德中學(xué)/章治安
在中學(xué)英語教學(xué)中,動詞的地位舉足輕重,其形式活潑,用途廣泛。除動詞時態(tài)、語態(tài)外,動詞的非謂語 形式可謂另一重要內(nèi)容,它具有多種功能與用法。正因為如此,非謂語動詞在高考中的比重相當(dāng)突出。以下是 近幾年非謂語動詞在高考中的統(tǒng)計分析表:
分類 非謂語動詞(可統(tǒng)計題)分布狀況
單項題 完形題 拼寫題 改錯題 四題所點(diǎn)總分 權(quán)重值 年份 '93MET 4 3 65 10.9% '94MET 4 3 65 10.9% '95NMET 4 3 2 85 10.6% '96NMET 2 4 2 1 70 12.8% '97NMET 2 3 2 3 70 14.3%
上表顯示,非謂語動詞在可統(tǒng)計的題中所占比重已接近時態(tài)題,且較前些年有所增加。然而,中學(xué)生對這 一語法項目多心存畏懼或略知一二,缺乏全面、系統(tǒng)的認(rèn)識,學(xué)習(xí)中處于被動應(yīng)付的局面。實際教學(xué)中,筆者 三年來對我校(地區(qū)重點(diǎn)中學(xué))剛進(jìn)入高三年級的畢業(yè)生進(jìn)行過連續(xù)問卷調(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)能準(zhǔn)確說出非謂語動詞概 念的同學(xué)寥寥無幾,僅占5%左右。這說明絕大多數(shù)同學(xué)對非謂語動詞掌握得不好,對其概念、用法、變化含混 不清、模棱兩可。同時也反映了非謂語動詞在教學(xué)中的難度,它不僅抽象深奧,而且對其他語法知識有很大的 依賴。
本文以非謂語動詞高考考點(diǎn)作引導(dǎo),分析其難點(diǎn),摸索其特點(diǎn)與教學(xué)方法。
一、最新高考題析。1993—1997年的高考題,非謂語動詞在考點(diǎn)設(shè)計上,呈現(xiàn)出以下的特色,F(xiàn)作簡要分 析(題后注原題號及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案):
1.How about the two of us______a walk down the garden? ('93MET17, Key:C)
A、to take B、take
C、taking D、to be taking
簡析:空白處所填詞語taking與the two of us 一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),作about的賓語。
2.The computer centre,______ last year, is very popularamong the students in this school. ('93MET31, Key:D)
A、open B、opening
C、having opened D、opened
簡析:這里應(yīng)填入一非限制性定語成份,其意義相當(dāng)于which wasopened。open為動詞,此處使用過去分 詞,表示被動動作。
3.Charles Bahhase is generally considered ____the firstcomputer.(’93MET34,Key:C)
A、to invent B、inventing
C、to have invented
D、having invented
簡析:consider表示“認(rèn)為”的意義時,可跟不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。若不定式表示的動作在前,則使用其完 成形式,本題中invent表示的動作早已過去。
4.The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction withthe talks, ——that he had enjoyed
his stay here. (’94MET20,Key:C)
A、having added B、to add
C、adding D、added
簡析:此處所填的詞與其后的賓語從句構(gòu)成狀語,表示伴隨情景。add是及物動詞(有自己的賓語從句), 此處adding表示主動意義, 所表示的動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生。
5.The missing boys were last seen______near the river.( ’94MET30, Key:A)
A、playing B、played
C、play D、to play
簡析:所填的詞為主語補(bǔ)足語,因其后有明確的地點(diǎn),補(bǔ)足語表示動作當(dāng)時正在進(jìn)行中,所以只能使用pl aying。
6. The first textbooks _____ for teaching English as aforeign language were produced in t he sixteenth century. (’94MET32, Key:A)
A、written B、to be written
C、being written D、having written
簡析:所填的詞與隨后的介詞短語一起構(gòu)成后置定語,write 為及物動詞,與前面所修飾的詞有動賓關(guān)系 ,此處填過去分詞,表示被動動作。
7.Paul doesn't have to be made_______.He always works hard.(’95NMET11, Key:B)
A、learn B、to learn
C、learned D、learning
簡析:使役動詞是被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,其后的不定式應(yīng)保留to.
8. We agreed_______here but so far she doesn't turn up yet.(’95NMET19, Key:C)
A、having met B、meeting
C、to meet D、to have met
簡析:動詞agree后應(yīng)接不定式。根據(jù)后一句的內(nèi)容, 可知該不定式動作尚未發(fā)生,表示將來意義,所以 填C項。而D項“to have met ”卻表示動作已過去。
9.—You were brave enough to raise objections at themeeting.
—Well, now I regret_______that. (’95NMET26, Key:D)
A、to do B、to be doing
C、to have done D、having done
簡析:regret后所跟動詞有to do 與doing兩種形式, 不定式表示“為做某事而遺憾”, doing 表示“ 為做過某事而后悔”。“havingdone”則更強(qiáng)調(diào)動作已發(fā)生而無法挽回。
10.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, buthis mother told him __________.(’ 95NMET34, Key:A)
A、not to B、not to do
C、not do it D、do not to
簡析:所填短語意義應(yīng)為“not to ride his bicycle in thestreet”,因前文出現(xiàn)過ride his bic ycle in the street”,故可省略,避免重復(fù),但不定式標(biāo)志則予以保留。
11.________in thought, he almost ran into the car infront of him.(’96NMET23, Key:C)
A、Losing B、Having lost
C、Lost D、To lose
簡析:這里分詞短語的意義應(yīng)為“As he was lost in thought ”,意為“由于陷入沉思”,這兒填入過 去分詞短語,表示一種狀態(tài),用作原因狀語。
12.I would love______to the party last night but I had towork extra hours to finish a repor t.(’97NMET12, Key:B)
A、to go B、to have gone
C、going D、having gone
簡析:本題考查非謂語動詞與虛擬語氣。would love to do 為一固定搭配形式,其中不定式表示想要做 的動作。但此句中but 連接的句子說明其實動作并沒有發(fā)生,所以這里要用虛擬語氣表示與過去事實相反,選 用B項。
13.The Olympic games, _______in 776BC, did not includewomen players until 1912.(’97NMET 17, Key:C)
A、first playing B、to be first played
C、first played D、to be first playing
簡析:該題與’93MET31題考點(diǎn)完全一致。這里play 意為“舉行”,及物動詞,過去分詞played與主語構(gòu) 成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,表示被動動作,在此用作非限制性定語。
二、非謂語動詞疑難剖析
以上高考題例顯示,非謂語動詞考點(diǎn)都是就其最基本的內(nèi)容與用法設(shè)計的,例如,非謂語動詞用作補(bǔ)足語 ,用作狀語,分別表示原因、條件、伴隨情景等。但非謂語動詞的形式、用法還遠(yuǎn)不止這些,如它們的否定式 、進(jìn)行式、完成式、多種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)等等。掌握這些內(nèi)容,對于全面把握非謂語動詞,加深對動詞意義的理解, 增強(qiáng)運(yùn)用能力,并最終提高閱讀能力,都具有重要意義。以下是對幾個難點(diǎn)的探討。
1.非謂語動詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):
其基本形式為“for (of)sb. to do sth.”,表達(dá)時,常使用it作形式主語,句型為“It is+adj.+for (of)sb.+to do sth.”。 這里不定式邏輯主語的引導(dǎo)詞是學(xué)習(xí)中的難點(diǎn)。用for還是of 取決于前面形容詞的 意義,一般情況下用for,但形容詞為品質(zhì)形容詞時, 形容詞后使用of,如kind,nice,careful,warm-hear ted等等。例如:
、買t's too hard for a baby of 5 to walk so long a way.
②It's kind of you to help me with my English.
。2)動詞-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):
這種結(jié)構(gòu)的基本形式為“one's doing”,但所有格one's 在運(yùn)用中有變化。規(guī)則為:①復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)置句首 或在正式文體中,使用所有格。②動詞-ing的邏輯主語帶有后置定語、邏輯主語為不定代詞、邏輯主語為名詞 化的形容詞、抽象名詞等,使用普通格。③在非正式文體,尤其在口語中,不置句首時,?苫Q。例如:
①Do you mind all of us coming together?
、贖is not coming in time made the teacher angry.
、跧 understand you/your refusing his offer.
④We hate the rich robbing the poor of their property.
、軹he noise of the desks being opened and closed could beheard out in the street.(S.B.Ⅱ.L. 8)
。3)與with構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):
作狀語,表示原因、伴隨狀態(tài)等,基本形式為with sb. to do /doing 以及 with sth. to do/done(be ing done), 分別表示尚未發(fā)生、正在進(jìn)行、已經(jīng)過去的主動或被動動作。例如:
、賅ith so much work to do, he can't go out for play.
、赪ith a native leading the way, we had no trouble infinding the village.
、踂ith the lovely dog wounded in the accident, Mrs Cooperstill feels sad.
、躓e need more people and money with the key projectbeing carried on.
注:這一語法結(jié)構(gòu)在去掉with之后,就可轉(zhuǎn)化為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),但此結(jié)構(gòu)目前尚不屬高考范疇。
2.非謂語動詞用作補(bǔ)足語
在感官動詞、使役動詞之后,常用非謂語動詞作補(bǔ)足語,其形式同樣活潑多變。但補(bǔ)足語若為不定式,謂 語部分又為被動結(jié)構(gòu),則須保留不定式標(biāo)志to。例如:
①The missing boys. were last seen playing near the river.(’94MET30)
、贖e rushed in and found something stolen.
、跿he boy was made to work for 12 hours a day.
、蹹on't have the horse running so fast, or it will gethurt.
注:使役動詞后使用動詞-ing結(jié)構(gòu),表示“驅(qū)使…一直做”或“聽任…做”之意。
3.一些動詞后的非謂語動詞視其有無邏輯主語而形式不同:有邏輯主語時用不定式,而無邏輯主語時選擇 動詞-ing形式。請注意對比以下常用詞的結(jié)構(gòu)特征:
┌allow doing
。1)┤
└allow sb. to do
┌permit doing
。2)┤
└permit sb. to do
┌forbid doing
。3)┤
└forbid sb. to do
┌advise doing
。4)┤
└advise sb. to do
例如:
┌They don't permit smoking in the office.
、侃
└They don't permit us to smoke in the office.
┌Father doesn't allow going out at night.
、讴
└Father doesn't allow me to go out at night.
4.一些動詞,后接不定式或動詞-ing時,所表示的時間意義不同,不定式表示動作未發(fā)生,動詞-ing形式 表示動作已經(jīng)過去。例如:
①I told him of the matter again, for I forgot having methim after the accident.
、贒on't forget to lock the door. It is not safe enoughhere.
5.一些動詞,如try,mean,stop,get,send等,后接不定式或動詞-ing形式,表示意義不同,試比較:
┌try to do“努力做”,含“不努力則難以完成”之意
。1)┤
└try doing“嘗試做”,含“摸索方法”之意
┌mean to do“打算做”,含“有某種傾向”之意
(2)┤
└mean doing“意味著”,含“等同于”之意
┌stop to do“停下…去干…”,表示一動作停止, 另一動
│作開始
。3)┤
└stop doing“停止干…”,表示動作停止,不再繼續(xù)
┌get sb. to do“請求某人做”,“說服某人做”
。4)┤
└get sb. doing“使某人開始做”
┌send. sb to do“指派某人做”
。5)┤send. sb doing “使某人(怎樣)做”,表示
└動作開始后無法改變
還有些動詞,后接不定式或動詞-ing形式,表示語義無多大差別,多半可以互換,這些動詞有begin,sta rt,prefer等,不過當(dāng)他們自身使用動詞-ing形式時,其后常用不定式形式。
6.一些動詞后只跟不定式,最常用的有ask,agree , decide ,expect,learn,manage,offer,prete nd,refuse,wish等。 一些動詞后只跟動詞-ing形式,最常用的有avoid(避免), appreciate ,can't he lp(禁不。琫njoy,excuse,delay,finish , mind ,miss,pardon,practise,resist,risk,sugge st等。
7. 少數(shù)常用動詞使用時有自身的特點(diǎn), 不可一概而論。 請注意hope,consider,suggest(建議)的用 法特征。
hope后接不定式,不定式邏輯主語即句子主語。當(dāng)hope后出現(xiàn)與主語不一致的人稱或人物時,使用從句形 式,而不使用hope sb. to do結(jié)構(gòu)。
suggest 后接動詞- ing 形式, 它的邏輯主語為句子主語。 若suggest后跟有人稱或事物,則常使用從 句形式,無suggest sb. todo 的用法。consider使用consider(考慮)doing,consider(認(rèn)為)…to be /to do 或be considered to be/to do形式,也可使用從句。例如:
、買 hope to go swimming this afternoon.
I hope Tom could come here soon.
②He considered trying again.
He considered us all to be wrong.
、跿hey suggested setting out at once.
They suggested that we should set out at once.
8.由非謂語動詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞,常見形式有:
。1)名詞+過去分詞或動詞-ing形式,如:
man-made dog-tired
English-speaking insect-eating
(2)形容詞+動詞-ing形式,如:
good-looking bad-looking
(3)副詞+過去分詞,如:
newly-built well-dressed
well-skilled highly-qualified
9.幾種非謂語動詞主動形式表示被動意義的用法。
(1)主語+系動詞+to do
。2)主語+系動詞+worth+doin
。1)和(2)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語是不定式或動詞-ing形式的邏輯賓語。
。3)主語+need(want,require )+doing =主語+need +tobe done,但前者更常用。
以上幾種結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語動詞均為及物動詞或及物動詞短語。
┌have sth. to do
│get sth. to do
(4)主語+ ┤
│find sth. to do
└give sb sth. to do
這些用法中,句子的主語是不定式的邏輯主語,sth.為邏輯賓語,do為及物動詞或及物動詞短語。例如:
、買've got a proposal to make to you.
②We tried to find sth. to eat but couldn't.
10.幾種固定結(jié)構(gòu)表示特定的意義,它們不可隨意改變:
to tell you the truth “實話告訴你”
generally speaking“通常說來”
judging from“從…來判斷”
talking of ┐
├ “說到(談到)…”
speaking of┘
considering that“考慮到…”
請看以下句子:
、貵enerally speaking, this book is not very difficult.
、贘udging from what you said, he has taken a very good job.
③Considering that he has been in China for only a year, he speaks Chinese well.(《英語語 法手冊》薄冰)
以上非謂語動詞難點(diǎn)分析是筆者近幾年對中學(xué)英語教學(xué)實踐的總結(jié)。非謂語動詞的豐富內(nèi)容與靈活用法, 還遠(yuǎn)不止這些難點(diǎn),在此,真誠希望廣大同仁能共同探討與交流。
高考透視,疑難掃描