教你寫(xiě)作文：四六級(jí)作文的開(kāi)頭、正文、結(jié)尾

　　英語(yǔ)作文的文章的開(kāi)頭

　　一篇文章通�？煞譃槿齻�(gè)部分，即開(kāi)頭、正文和結(jié)尾。這三個(gè)部分安排是否得體，直接影響到文章的質(zhì)量。

　　文章的開(kāi)頭一般來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)盡量做到開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，用簡(jiǎn)單明白的敘述引出文章的話題，使讀者了解文章要談?wù)撌裁�，一下于引起讀者的興趣。

　　作文常見(jiàn)的開(kāi)頭形式大致有以下幾種：

　　1.開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，揭示主題

　　文章一開(kāi)頭，，就交待清楚文章的主題是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎樣度假)的開(kāi)頭是：

　　I Spent my last vacation happily.

　　下面是題為"Honesty"(談?wù)\實(shí))一文中的開(kāi)頭：

　　Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people.

　　2.交代人物、事情、時(shí)間或環(huán)境開(kāi)頭

　　在文章的開(kāi)頭，先把人物、事件和環(huán)境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的開(kāi)頭：

　　The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.

　　3. 回憶性的開(kāi)頭

　　用回憶的方法來(lái)開(kāi)頭。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的開(kāi)頭是：

　　I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.

　　4.概括性的開(kāi)頭

　　即對(duì)要在文章中敘述的人或事先作一個(gè)概括性的介紹。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(讀書(shū)的快樂(lè))的開(kāi)頭：

　　People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.

　　5.介紹環(huán)境式的開(kāi)頭

　　即開(kāi)頭利用自然景物或自然環(huán)境引出要介紹的事物。如“An Accident”(一場(chǎng)事故)的開(kāi)頭是:

　　It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.

　　6.交待寫(xiě)作目的的開(kāi)頭。

　　在文章的一開(kāi)頭就交待寫(xiě)作目的，如通過(guò)文章要表?yè)P(yáng)誰(shuí)，批評(píng)誰(shuí)，或說(shuō)明一個(gè)什么問(wèn)題等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的開(kāi)頭：

　　In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.

　　英語(yǔ)作文的文章的正文

　　文章的正文是由若干段落組成的，段落通常由幾個(gè)或者更多的句子組成，有時(shí)候一個(gè)句子也能成段。

　　文章的正文應(yīng)以文章的開(kāi)頭為線索，具體地?cái)⑹�、說(shuō)明或論證文章的主題。文章不論長(zhǎng)短，每個(gè)段落都必須為主題服務(wù)。像說(shuō)明文和議論文這一類(lèi)的文章，一個(gè)主題還常分成幾個(gè)小主題，每個(gè)小主題要用一個(gè)段落處理，另起一段時(shí)，應(yīng)是一層新的意思。每一段的開(kāi)頭，要放一個(gè)表示段落小主題的主題句，這樣可使文章條理化，易于閱讀，便于讀者抓住主題。段內(nèi)的所有句子應(yīng)圍繞主題句的意義加以闡述或論證，為中心思想服務(wù)。句子之間應(yīng)銜結(jié)自然，有條不紊，而且還要合乎邏輯，段落中不能出現(xiàn)任何與主題無(wú)關(guān)的句子；英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作比較重視主題句的作用，缺少它段落意義就會(huì)含糊不清。主題句也可放在段落的中間和末尾等部位，但對(duì)初學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)，以放在段首為好。見(jiàn)下列這篇題為"How to Be a Good Student" (怎樣做個(gè)好學(xué)生)的文章：

　　We students are the builders and masters of the country. It is important for us to know how to be a good student.

　　A good student, I think, should be diligent in his studies. The more he studies, the more he will increase his knowledge. Without enough knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to the modernization of our country.

　　To take care of one's own body is another important thing for good student to do. Anyone, who hasn't got a strong body, can do nothing for his country, even if he has much knowledge. There was a man, who, when he was student, studied hard but neglected his health. No sooner did he come to serve the country than he died of poor health. From this we may see that to have a strong body is really very important for a student.

　　Lastly, to cultivate one's own virtue is most important. Virtue is the essence

　　of a noble and good character. It will greatly help one to be useful and his country heart and soul. When learned people go astray, they do more harm than good to society. We should draw lessons from this.

　　這篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主題，第二、第三和第四段則是文章的正文，每—段的第一句即是段落的主題句，它們既支持了文章中心的觀點(diǎn)和思想，同時(shí)又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中，其余的句子都圍繞主題句所表示的中心展開(kāi)，同時(shí)句子間的銜結(jié)也很自然；各層的意思都很連貫。

　　分段是文章組織上重要的一步，但如果寫(xiě)的題目范圍很小，那就無(wú)須再將題目分成小的主題，并分入各個(gè)段落去闡述了。像一篇簡(jiǎn)短的評(píng)論；某一事情的簡(jiǎn)短記載，某一個(gè)想法的說(shuō)明，對(duì)一個(gè)人物或一件事情的簡(jiǎn)要敘述或說(shuō)明等，就可以只用一個(gè)段落來(lái)表現(xiàn)主題。

　　在記敘文中，段的結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)可以很簡(jiǎn)單，不需要有主題句，敘事一氣呵成，中途沒(méi)有停頓。段與段之所以分開(kāi)，只是為了起修辭作用，以便把某一細(xì)節(jié)置于顯著的地位。

　　某些測(cè)試用的表達(dá)題，在題目中就已經(jīng)說(shuō)明只需要根據(jù)。所給的提示寫(xiě)一個(gè)段落，而不是一篇文章。對(duì)于這一類(lèi)的寫(xiě)作試題，就可以予以簡(jiǎn)潔的處理，并不是非要擴(kuò)充成一篇有頭有尾的完整文章。

　　下面這篇題為“Weekend Homework”(談周末作業(yè))的短文，就是用一個(gè)段落來(lái)論述問(wèn)題和表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)的。

　　Usally Saturday night is the time for students to get back to their desks and do their weekend homework. Six school days are enough for the students who have many other interests. I think weekend homework should not be given. With homework arranged for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, play a game of football or see a good film, or just relax? In fact weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night. As a result our homework is done very poorly and we achive no results. If there were no homework on weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested, willing to work. Teachers, don't you agree?

　　英語(yǔ)作文的文章的結(jié)尾

　　文章結(jié)尾的作用是概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意義表達(dá)得更加深刻。

　　文章結(jié)尾的形式也是多種多樣的，常見(jiàn)的有以下幾種：

　　1.首尾呼應(yīng)，畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛

　　在文章的結(jié)尾，把含義較深的話放在末尾，以點(diǎn)明主題，深化主題，起到畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的效果。如"I Cannot Forget Her" (我忘不了她)的結(jié)尾：

　　After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.

　　2.重復(fù)主題句

　　結(jié)尾回到文章開(kāi)頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我愛(ài)家鄉(xiāng))的結(jié)尾：

　　I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.

　　3. 自然結(jié)尾

　　隨著文章的結(jié)束，文章自然而然地結(jié)尾。如“Fishing”(釣魚(yú))的結(jié)尾：

　　I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.

　　4.含蓄性的結(jié)尾

　　用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接點(diǎn)明作者的看法，而是讓讀者自己去領(lǐng)會(huì)和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的結(jié)尾：

　　Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.

　　5.用反問(wèn)結(jié)尾

　　雖然形式是問(wèn)句，但意義卻是肯定的，并具有特別的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，引起讀者深思。如 "Should We Learn to Do Housework?" (我們要不要學(xué)做家務(wù)?) 的結(jié)尾。

　　Everyone should learn to do housework. Don't you agree, boys and girls?

　　6.指明方向，激勵(lì)讀者

　　結(jié)尾表示對(duì)將來(lái)的展望，或期待讀者投入行動(dòng)。如“Let's Go in for Sports”(讓我們參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng))的結(jié)尾：

　　As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let's go in for sports.

　　文章的結(jié)尾沒(méi)有一定的模式，可以根據(jù)表達(dá)主題的需要靈活創(chuàng)造。一般的習(xí)慣是，一些記敘文和描寫(xiě)文經(jīng)常采用自然結(jié)尾的方法；但說(shuō)理性和邏輯性較強(qiáng)的說(shuō)明文和議論文則往往都有結(jié)束語(yǔ)，以便使文章首尾呼應(yīng)，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。