教你寫作文：四六級作文的開頭、正文、結(jié)尾
英語作文的文章的開頭
一篇文章通�？煞譃槿齻�部分，即開頭、正文和結(jié)尾。這三個部分安排是否得體，直接影響到文章的質(zhì)量。
文章的開頭一般來說應(yīng)盡量做到開門見山，用簡單明白的敘述引出文章的話題，使讀者了解文章要談?wù)撌裁�，一下于引起讀者的興趣。
作文常見的開頭形式大致有以下幾種：
1.開門見山，揭示主題
文章一開頭，，就交待清楚文章的主題是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎樣度假)的開頭是：
I Spent my last vacation happily.
下面是題為"Honesty"(談?wù)\實)一文中的開頭：
Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar"，and is looked upon by honest people.
2.交代人物、事情、時間或環(huán)境開頭
在文章的開頭，先把人物、事件和環(huán)境交待清楚。例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的開頭：
The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us.
3. 回憶性的開頭
用回憶的方法來開頭。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的開頭是：
I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday.
4.概括性的開頭
即對要在文章中敘述的人或事先作一個概括性的介紹。如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(讀書的快樂)的開頭：
People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power.
5.介紹環(huán)境式的開頭
即開頭利用自然景物或自然環(huán)境引出要介紹的事物。如“An Accident”(一場事故)的開頭是:
It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner.
6.交待寫作目的的開頭。
在文章的一開頭就交待寫作目的，如通過文章要表揚誰，批評誰，或說明一個什么問題等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的開頭：
In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control.
英語作文的文章的正文
文章的正文是由若干段落組成的，段落通常由幾個或者更多的句子組成，有時候一個句子也能成段。
文章的正文應(yīng)以文章的開頭為線索，具體地敘述、說明或論證文章的主題。文章不論長短，每個段落都必須為主題服務(wù)。像說明文和議論文這一類的文章，一個主題還常分成幾個小主題，每個小主題要用一個段落處理，另起一段時，應(yīng)是一層新的意思。每一段的開頭，要放一個表示段落小主題的主題句，這樣可使文章條理化，易于閱讀，便于讀者抓住主題。段內(nèi)的所有句子應(yīng)圍繞主題句的意義加以闡述或論證，為中心思想服務(wù)。句子之間應(yīng)銜結(jié)自然，有條不紊，而且還要合乎邏輯，段落中不能出現(xiàn)任何與主題無關(guān)的句子；英語寫作比較重視主題句的作用，缺少它段落意義就會含糊不清。主題句也可放在段落的中間和末尾等部位，但對初學(xué)者來說，以放在段首為好。見下列這篇題為"How to Be a Good Student" (怎樣做個好學(xué)生)的文章：
We students are the builders and masters of the country. It is important for us to know how to be a good student.
A good student, I think, should be diligent in his studies. The more he studies, the more he will increase his knowledge. Without enough knowledge, we cannot make great contributions to the modernization of our country.
To take care of one's own body is another important thing for good student to do. Anyone, who hasn't got a strong body, can do nothing for his country, even if he has much knowledge. There was a man, who, when he was student, studied hard but neglected his health. No sooner did he come to serve the country than he died of poor health. From this we may see that to have a strong body is really very important for a student.
Lastly, to cultivate one's own virtue is most important. Virtue is the essence
of a noble and good character. It will greatly help one to be useful and his country heart and soul. When learned people go astray, they do more harm than good to society. We should draw lessons from this.
這篇文章的第一段引出了文章的主題，第二、第三和第四段則是文章的正文，每—段的第一句即是段落的主題句，它們既支持了文章中心的觀點和思想，同時又概括了全段的意思。在同一段落中，其余的句子都圍繞主題句所表示的中心展開，同時句子間的銜結(jié)也很自然；各層的意思都很連貫。
分段是文章組織上重要的一步，但如果寫的題目范圍很小，那就無須再將題目分成小的主題，并分入各個段落去闡述了。像一篇簡短的評論；某一事情的簡短記載，某一個想法的說明，對一個人物或一件事情的簡要敘述或說明等，就可以只用一個段落來表現(xiàn)主題。
在記敘文中，段的結(jié)構(gòu)有時可以很簡單，不需要有主題句，敘事一氣呵成，中途沒有停頓。段與段之所以分開，只是為了起修辭作用，以便把某一細節(jié)置于顯著的地位。
某些測試用的表達題，在題目中就已經(jīng)說明只需要根據(jù)。所給的提示寫一個段落，而不是一篇文章。對于這一類的寫作試題，就可以予以簡潔的處理，并不是非要擴充成一篇有頭有尾的完整文章。
下面這篇題為“Weekend Homework”(談周末作業(yè))的短文，就是用一個段落來論述問題和表達觀點的。
Usally Saturday night is the time for students to get back to their desks and do their weekend homework. Six school days are enough for the students who have many other interests. I think weekend homework should not be given. With homework arranged for Saturday night and the whole of Sunday, when can he find time to help around the house, play a game of football or see a good film, or just relax? In fact weekend homework is usually put off until Sunday night. As a result our homework is done very poorly and we achive no results. If there were no homework on weekends, students would go to school on Monday well rested, willing to work. Teachers, don't you agree?
英語作文的文章的結(jié)尾
文章結(jié)尾的作用是概括全文內(nèi)容，進一步強調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意義表達得更加深刻。
文章結(jié)尾的形式也是多種多樣的，常見的有以下幾種：
1.首尾呼應(yīng)，畫龍點睛
在文章的結(jié)尾，把含義較深的話放在末尾，以點明主題，深化主題，起到畫龍點睛的效果。如"I Cannot Forget Her" (我忘不了她)的結(jié)尾：
After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.
2.重復(fù)主題句
結(jié)尾回到文章開頭闡明的中心思想或主題句上，達到強調(diào)的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我愛家鄉(xiāng))的結(jié)尾：
I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland.
3. 自然結(jié)尾
隨著文章的結(jié)束，文章自然而然地結(jié)尾。如“Fishing”(釣魚)的結(jié)尾：
I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.
4.含蓄性的結(jié)尾
用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接點明作者的看法，而是讓讀者自己去領(lǐng)會和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的結(jié)尾：
Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.
5.用反問結(jié)尾
雖然形式是問句，但意義卻是肯定的，并具有特別的強調(diào)作用，引起讀者深思。如 "Should We Learn to Do Housework?" (我們要不要學(xué)做家務(wù)?) 的結(jié)尾。
Everyone should learn to do housework. Don't you agree, boys and girls?
6.指明方向，激勵讀者
結(jié)尾表示對將來的展望，或期待讀者投入行動。如“Let's Go in for Sports”(讓我們參加體育運動)的結(jié)尾：
As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let's go in for sports.
文章的結(jié)尾沒有一定的模式，可以根據(jù)表達主題的需要靈活創(chuàng)造。一般的習(xí)慣是，一些記敘文和描寫文經(jīng)常采用自然結(jié)尾的方法；但說理性和邏輯性較強的說明文和議論文則往往都有結(jié)束語，以便使文章首尾呼應(yīng)，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。